METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY. 
3 
noted at the time they are made in the rough note-hook, and copied 
carefully into the journal each evening. These observations in the 
rough note-book will necessarily be mixed up with others on various 
subjects; but the meteorological facts should have a place reserved for 
themselves in the journal, say at the end of each day’s work. 
Wind .—Observations of the direction and force of the wind at two or 
more fixed hours in the day are advisable for comparison with instru¬ 
mental readings; but on the march every decided change should be 
recorded if the nature of the country permits. In the depths of a forest, 
or in a narrow valley, the wind, if felt at all by the traveller, gives 
scarcely any clue to the movement of the air over the open country, but 
in most cases the movements of low clouds, when any are in sight, may 
be taken as a fairly satisfactory test. The direction is to be observed by 
means of the compass, and it will be sufficient to estimate it by the 
eight principal points—North, North-east, East, South-east, South, 
South-west, West, and North-west. Any sudden changes in direc¬ 
tion so pronounced as to be noticeable should be recorded, for, taken 
in conjunction with the barometer readings, if the journey is along a 
route of nearly constant level, they are valuable aids in predicting the 
weather. 
Wind is always named by the direction from which it blows. The 
force of the wind is best estimated on the scale Calm, Light, Moderate, 
Eresh, Strong, and Gale. It is impossible, without long experience and the 
tuition of a trained observer, to assign relative numbers to these forces 
which should have any permanent value for comparison with the observa¬ 
tions of others. Travelling on foot in a strong wind is always uncom¬ 
fortable, and in a gale very difficult. If it is impossible to make way 
against the wind at all, or to pitch tents, the force may be put down as 
Hurricane after it has passed, the traveller bearing in mind that if he can 
write in his note-book at all, while unsheltered, a hurricane is not blowing, 
If a lake or a river without appreciable current is in sight, wind just 
sufficient to produce white crests on the waves may be called fresh, and 
that sufficient to blow away spray from the crests deserves to be termed 
strong. At sea, in a sailing-vessel, it is possible to acquire great skill in 
estimating wind-force; hence Beaufort’s scale, originally devised with 
reference to the amount of sail a well-equipped frigate could carry, has 
come into extensive use, and it is as well to know it. By comparison with 
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