66 
HINTS TO TRAVELLERS. 
mineral deposits than he could without such a guide. But the essential 
point is to recognise a valuable mineral when seen, and for this some 
knowledge of mineralogy is requisite. 
Outfit .—The essential articles of a geologist's outfit are neither numerous 
nor cumbrous. A very large proportion of the known geology of the 
world has been made out with no more elaborate appliances than a 
hammer, a pocket compass, with a small index to serve as a clinometer, a 
pocket lens, a note-book and a pencil. No scientific observer has to 
depend more on his own knowledge and faculty for observation, and less 
on instrumental appliances, than a geologist. 
The best hammer for general purposes should weigh from 12 to 24 oz. 
and should have a square flat end, and a straight cutting end—the latter 
may be horizontal or vertical, according to fancy. The ends should be of 
steel, not too highly tempered. The hole for the handle should be as large 
as possible (with a small hole the handles are so weak as to be liable to 
break), and the handle should be secured in the hole by a wooden wedge, 
and an iron one driven into and across the wooden one. It is advisable 
to take a few spare ash handles. Cut a foot-measure in notches on the 
handle—this is very useful for measuring thickness of beds, &c. It is as 
well to have more than one hammer in case of loss, and if fossil-collecting 
is anticipated, at least one heavy hammer, with one end fashioned to serve 
as a pick, three or four cold chisels of various sizes, and a short crow¬ 
bar will be found useful. Excellent geological hammers are those used 
by the Irish Geological Survey, and made by Kennan & Son, of Dublin. 
In London, hammers, chisels, &c., may be procured of J. R. Gregory, 
88, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square; or of Messrs. Buck, 242, Tottenham 
Court Road. 
A very good pocket compass, the shape and size of a watch, with a 
clinometer arm, is made by Troughton and Simms, 138, Fleet Street. 
The use of the clinometer is for measuring the angle of dip in rocks. 
.The elaborate instruments used for mining purposes are unnecessary to 
the geologist. If more accuracy of measurement is required than is 
•.afforded by looking at a bed, a section, or a hill-side, and holding the 
straight-edge attached to the compass parallel to the dip, and if a surface 
can be found that affords the exact inclination, it is usually practicable, 
by means of . a note-book laid on the rock surface, to obtain a plane suffi¬ 
ciently close to. that at which the beds dip to enable the angle to be 
