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HINTS TO TRAVELLERS. 
If a finger or toe is bitten by a snake which is certainly poisonous* 
and neither drugs nor fire are at hand, it would be best to amputate at 
once. 
Wounds inflicted by poisoned arrows or other weapons, mad dogs* 
jackals, etc., should be treated in a similar manner to those caused by 
poisonous snakes. 
Drowning. 
Death from drowning usually occurs in from two to three minutes 
after submersion, although people have been revived after a period of 
five or six minutes under water. 
In treating cases of apparent death from drowning, the points to be 
aimed at are:— 
First and immediately, the restoration of the breathing. 
Secondly, and after breathing is restored , the promotion of warmth and 
circulation. 
1. To restore the breathing. 
Roll the patient on to his face for a few seconds, placing one of his 
arms under the forehead; wipe away all weeds, mud, etc., from the 
mouth. (In this position water will more easily escape from the mouth, 
whilst at the same time the tongue will fall forward, and leave the 
entrance to the windpipe clear.) 
Turn the patient on his back, on a flat surface, with the head a little 
higher than the feet. 
Place a small hard pillow (or a rolled-up coat) under the shoulder- 
blades. 
Draw the patient’s tongue forward, and keep it projecting beyond 
the lips. 
Remove all tight clothing from about the patient’s neck and chest; 
also braces, belt, etc. 
Kneel at the patient’s head, grasp his arms just above the elbows, draw 
them gently and steadily upwards above his head, and keep them 
stretched in that position for two seconds (Fig. 4). (By this means air 
is drawn into the lungs.) 
Reverse the movement, and press the patient’s arms gently but firmly 
against the sides of the chest, keeping them in this position for two 
seconds (Fig. 5). (By this means air is pressed out of the lungs.) 
