SYNOPTICAL CHARTS. 
471 
Vertical 
Divisions. 
federate—together with the name of their leader, on any day, in any 
state of the Union or the Confederacy, between the secession of South 
Carolina in i860 and the fall of Richmond in 1865. 
The chart will do a great deal more than this, but let that suffice for 
the present. The following is a description of it: —• 
The chart is divided by vertical lines into twenty- 
one columns of varied size. The two outer ones on 
either side show the fluctuations in value of the 
dollar of the Union and Confederation respectively, and the proportion 
of men to one million which either side had in the field at any time. 
The States in which fighting actually took place are represented by the 
remaining seventeen columns, which are graded in accordance with the 
importance of the operations taking place within their borders. 
Horizontal The chart is further divided by horizontal lines which 
Division®. mark it off into the months from December i860 to 
May 1865, thus enabling the student to locate any event in the war with 
the greatest accuracy. 
circles Engagements are shown by a system of circles and 
and Dots. dots the sizes of which are determined by the im¬ 
portance of the battle of skirmish. For instance, Gettysburg is shown 
by a circle of the first magnitude, Chancellorsville by one of the second, 
and so on, in a descending scale to the numbered blue or red dot de¬ 
noting a minor engagement, naval or military respectively. These 
dots, when connected with the line showing army movements, represent 
smaller battles fought by the main army. Isolated dots show fighting 
between detached bodies of troops, or local levies. 
Army The movements of the Union armies are shown by 
Movements. means of a thick, solid, black line, accentuated with 
yellow. The Southern movements are similarly portrayed by a broken 
line enforced by green. The co-operation of the Union Navy with the 
land force is shown by means of a cable and anchor. Advance is shown 
by the progression of the line away from its own base, and a retreat by 
a return toward it. The base line of the Federal army is presumed to 
be Washington, and the Confederate rallying points are Richmond in 
the east and Vicksburg in the west. 
The map shown at the bottom of the chart, where 
also various explanatory keys and other information 
will be noticed, is a re-production of a war-time publication. The boun¬ 
daries of States, and the railways are those in existence at that time. 
Railways shown by red line. 
The columns representing States of the Union are coloured blue, 
those representing Confederate States grey. The date of secession 
of each State is thus clearly and graphically indicated. 
As an index of facts relating to the Civil War, this chart appears to 
me to be admirable. 
Doubtless, a knowledge of the history of the Civil War cannot be 
gained from the chart alone, but to a student of any particular cam¬ 
paign in that war, the chart would be of the greatest use, not only as 
an index of facts, but as a presentment of operations that led up to 
that particular campaign and of other operations going on simul- 
Tlhe fVSap. 
