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B. DAYDON JACKSON-ADDRESS: 
upon the craft of the draughtsman, who acted as intermediary and 
transcriber of the object; for the remainder of our review we have 
to deal with the direct reproduction of the objects by their own 
impress or photographic image upon the medium of printing. 
The first attempt at process was that termed “ Ectypa,” in 
which the plant was inked, and so printed itself. On the 
screen are two examples of such, issued by D. H. Hoppe in his 
‘ Botanisches Taschenbuch . . . auf das Jahr 1790’—an oak leaf 
and the entire plant of an asphodel, Tofieldia anthericoides. 
Although many hundreds were produced by Hoppe in one issue, 
the same specimen could not suffice for the whole impression, 
the pressure employed rapidly injuring the plant, so that a suc¬ 
cession of specimens had to be used. A modern modification was 
the fine process devised by Hexry Bradbury (d. 1860), known 
as “ Nature Printing” (see PI. Ill, fig. 2, two varieties of 
Asplenium marinum , from Bradbury’s ‘ Nature-printed British 
Ferns’). His method consisted in placing the object to be copied 
between plates of steel and lead, and subjecting these to hydraulic 
pressure, the result being that the fern or seaweed was pressed 
into the lead. After the object was extracted, the lead plate was 
electrotvped, details and lettering were added to the new plate, and 
then impressions could be taken as from an ordinary plate. Usually 
the colour of the original object was copied in the prints. This 
admirable process had the drawback that the specimens were 
destroyed in the reproduction, and it could only be applied to such 
things as were able to withstand the heavy pressure. 
Woodbury type, to be described at a later period, may be said 
to be the photographic outcome of Nature Printing, which did 
not survive the inventor as a practical process in this country. 
Nevertheless, a form of it modified by Auer, the superintendent 
of the Staats Druckerei in Vienna, was employed for a series of 
years by Baron Constantin von Ettingshausen to show the 
nervation of leaves; here is a slide (Pl. III, fig. 3) taken from 
his 1 Fossile Flora von Sagor ’ in the Vienna 1 Denkschriften ’ 
(1877); the leaves are printed in brown ink, but the numbers on 
the plates to the figures and the headings were printed sub¬ 
sequently by letterpress. In the text are inserted many small 
blocks of the venation, in white against a black background, also 
by some galvanoplastic copy of the original leaden mould. 
The modern processes which have become part of our daily life 
have now to be specified. I will first take what is known as 
line-process, by which pen-drawings can be reproduced with 
excellent result. These modern processes depend entirely upon 
