230 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
December 11, 1886. 
described by the side of a building more than 20 ft. 
high, which has been covered several years, and has 
never had the slightest attention in any way whatever. 
I prefer, for permanent covering, the smalldeaved 
varieties, as being more suitable and less likely to be 
affected b 3 r strong winds, and which are more neat in 
habit and growth ; these, undoubtedly, are the varieties 
alluded to by Charles Dickens in his inimitable refrain, 
the “Ivy Green”—“ how closely it twineth, how 
tightly it clings to its friend, the huge oak tree,” &c.— 
S. Fry, LeivisUam. 
- —>250 - 
PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS. 
In many large places a Pinetum as well as an 
Arboretum are included, and when carried out with 
skill and taste they are objects of great interest. A 
Pinetum means a special collection of all the best species 
of Pines and Firs, to which is added representatives of 
all the other ornamental species of Conifers, besides 
those named. An Arboretum is a collection of all 
the most ornamental and deciduous trees. Each of 
these should have a special space devoted to it, and, 
what is of the utmost importance, each specimen 
should have sufficient room to develop itself to the best 
advantage. In this way, all the finest trees that will 
live ill our climate would in these collections find special 
representative types, grown under the most favourable 
circumstances, and with ample room for each single 
specimen to develop its own claims to admiration with¬ 
out interference from other trees. To lovers of nature 
no sight can be more delightful than that of a complete 
collection of all the handsomest trees of the temperate 
zone, grown singly as perfect specimens. To watch 
their gradual development, to note their peculiarities 
as they are unfolded, to study their respective rates of 
growth, the curious changes they undergo in then- 
shapes as they approach maturity, and their production 
of flowers and fruit, some at earlier some at later stages, 
are sources of never-failing interest. Such a luxury 
can be procured without involving a very great outla}', 
and condensed within the space of a few acres. 
Then there are avenues and carriage drives, and these 
differ from all other styles of planting in respect to the 
regularity with which the trees composing the avenue 
or drive have to be set at certain fixed distances, and 
the necessity of selecting the species with a definite 
regard to their fitness for the purpose. There exist 
many noble avenues and drives in the spacious parks 
and grounds surrounding our old country mansions ; 
but since they were planted, many majestic trees well 
adapted to the work have been introduced. Ample op¬ 
portunities, therefore, now exist of forming avenues, 
&c., which, while they will fully equal those of old in 
broadness of effect, will exhibit a much greater diversity 
and force of contrast. 
Then croquet grounds, and spaces generally allotted 
to out-door amusements, require some planting, being 
chiefly used in the summer months. Some protection 
from the sun’s rays is necessary—they should be shaded 
by tall trees planted on the southern and western sides 
of each arena where it can be done ; on the northern 
boundary a slightly elevated bank, planted with 
standard Roses and the best varieties of Rhododendrons, 
with a few ornamental standard trees, would form a 
fine point of view for the spectators sitting under the 
shade of the southern grove to watch the players. But 
each particular site requires a different treatment, and 
w r hat may best suit each must be left to the arbitrament 
of good taste. Water edge Plantations call for a dis¬ 
play of skill from the planter ; unless in the case of 
very large pieces of water, where there is plenty of 
room for occasional clumps of trees, or where shade is 
an important object, planting should be done sparingly 
near the water’s edge ; nothing is gloomier or more 
depressing than a piece of water nearly surrounded by 
large trees, which intercept the sunshine and whose 
dark shade is reflected back upon the water. A pool of 
moderate extent, with a few pendulous trees and still 
fewer tall trees sparingly scattered along its edges, 
leaving ample room for a broad expanse to fully admit 
the sun’s rays to play upon the surface, is a beautiful 
object. Graceful Grasses and Bamboos, which luxuriate 
on the banks of water, and such-like subjects, can be 
employed with great advantage. 
The matter of the revival of old plantations and 
shrubberies is one of great importance also. In course 
of time ordinary trees and shrubs either die outright or 
become deformed, stumpy, or what is called “leggy”; 
old forest trees in their decay often assume picturesque 
forms, affording delicious “bits,” by delineating which 
the artist manifests his skill. But the smaller trees 
and the old evergreen shrubs known to our forefathers 
are miserable objects in their decrepitude ; an aged 
Laurel for instance, which has been repeatedly cut 
down to keep it in shape, becomes at last a mass of old 
stumps surrounded by a few leaves. For this there is 
no remedy but extirpation. Accordingly, many owners 
of superannuated shrubberies are yearly grubbing them 
up and replacing them with younger plants, which can 
be selected from an immense variety of beautiful 
subjects which are unknown to the planter of the old 
shrubbery. But even in this clearance the slaughter 
should by no means be indiscriminate. Here and there, 
amongst the crowd of the condemned, may perchance 
be found some valuable old specimens, healthy enough 
to grow into beauty, when no longer elbowed and stifled 
by the pressure of encroaching neighbours. ¥e have 
thus seen emerge into a kind of new life an old Box 
tree and a well-shaped Yew, at another time a deciduous 
Cypress, and once, from amongst a ruck of hoary Elder 
trees and decrepit Lilacs, an old Photinia serrulata, 
which might have been growing there since 1804, when 
it was first introduced from Chiua. 
Lastly, a few words as to wall and climbing shrubs. 
Of these, some attach themselves to the object they 
environ by rootlets and suckers, like the Ivy and Vir¬ 
ginian Creeper, and these demand no assistance from 
man to keep them in their places ; others require either 
nailing to walls or tying up against trellises. Masses of 
rock or heaps of tree-stumps are best covered by such 
plants as Clematis, Periploca, &c., which run rapidly 
over and clothe them with a gay livery of elegantly- 
shaped leaves and masses of flower. 
The Wistaria, Aristolocliia, Lonicera and a few 
other twining shrubs, if planted at the foot of trees 
of moderate girth, in some part of a grove devoted to 
that purpose, would speedily ascend to the highest part 
of the trees, and thence wander in search of another 
victim, till the whole grove became a net-work of 
mixed foliage. 
-»>$<*- 
MOUNT VIEW, SHEFFIELD. 
The residence of D. Ward, Esq., is situated on the 
south side of Broom Hill, and is approached from 
Glossop Road. The carriage drive is bordered on each 
side by trees and shrubs, which form a very nice 
avenue. On the right is the flower garden, and on the 
left are the kitchen garden and glass departments. 
The main range of glass is 300 ft. long, all of which is 
devoted to the cultivation of Grapes, Peaches and Nec¬ 
tarines. This range is divided into six compartments, 
four of which are Vineries and two Peach houses. The 
back wall in each house is covered with fine healthy 
Camellias, which give a supply of flowers for many 
months in the year. Both Vines and Peach trees have 
made excellent wood. 
Mr. Ward is an enthusiast in the cultivation of 
Orchids as well as fruit, and ere many years have 
elapsed will be the possessor of one of the healthiest 
and best collections in the provinces. Mr. J. Page, the 
gardener who has been in charge a little more than a 
year, has made a great change in the condition of the 
plants. Five houses are devoted to their cultivation, 
and the following were in bloom at the time of our 
visit: O-ncidium verrueosum, and the better forms 
named Rogersii, were here represented by several good 
strong pieces, some of the flower spikes on which bore 
upwards of a hundred flowers ; 0. crispum, 0. serratum, 
fine spikes and good varieties; Lycaste Skinnerii, 
several plants amongst them having bright-coloured 
lips ; Dendrobium Dearii, D. Wardianum, D. lietero- 
carpum ; Phalienopsis amabilis, several plants in flower, 
and one having blooms 4 ins. across ; Phalienopsis are 
all in the best of health. In the same house are some 
two dozen plants of Odontoglossum Roezlii, some in 
flower and all growing so vigorously that they have 
more the appearance of well-grown 0. vexillarium than 
anything else. This is a proof that they require 
plenty of heat and moisture. Calanthe vestita luteo 
oculata, Cypripedium Spicerianum and Odontoglossum 
crispum is represented by many hundreds of plants, 
some of which are in flower, while dozens of flower spikes 
are making their appearance. 0. Pescatorei, 0. Rossii 
majus, 0. tripudians, Maxillaria picta, Masdevallia 
tovarensis; this latter useful and free-flowering Orchid 
should be grown in quantities in every collection. 
Cattleyas are well cared for also, but, of course, there 
is a scarcity of flowers amongst them at this time, C. 
guttata being the only species in bloom ; C. Mendelii 
is grown in quantities also. C. Triame, C. gigas, C. 
amethystoglossa, C. Mossiae, C. Skinnerii, and others; 
all have made good growths and are showing abun¬ 
dance of flower sheaths, and will produce a fine display 
of bloom in due season. Adjoining the Cattleya-house 
is a span-roofed conservatory, which was (at the time 
of our visit) gay with flowers. The centre of the house 
was filled with a splendid lot of dwarf-grown Chrysan¬ 
themums, and on the side stages there was a nice lot of 
Cyclamens, Tuberous Begonias, frimulas, and several 
other decorative plants. At one end of the house there 
is a fine lot of greenhouse Rhododendrons, amongst 
them being good specimens of Princess Royal and Lady 
Alice Fitzwilliam. On the roof are some very fine 
plants of Lapageria alba, which were producing flowers 
in abundance ; this is a proof of their being well cared 
for. — J. IV. S. 
-->X<-- 
HEATING GLASSHOUSES. 
The necessity of placing boilers low down in the 
ground, that the needful rise may be obtained for the 
hot-water pipes, still exercises—and will, probably, for 
a long time yet, continue to exercise—the minds of 
gardeners. There can be no doubt but that the 
necessity is an evil, and borne with because there 
seems to be no present prospect of a change for the 
better. ¥e have a certain system of heating, based 
upon the fact that water expands when heated, and 
also becomes lighter ; hence it will certainty ascend as 
a vacuum is created, or colder water rushing into the 
boiler from beneath, forces the lighter liquid upwards 
Some variation in the depth at which boilers should be 
placed is afforded by the various forms of boilers, for 
either saddle or horizontal need less deep setting than 
do vertical or conical boilers. Still, the matter is in¬ 
variably beset with difficulty and cost, the latter, in 
localities where the water rises high in the soil during 
the winter, becoming always an item of great moment. 
Now, the question I ask consideration for is this, 
“Is our present method of house-heating the right 
one!” Oddly enough, we proceed on the principle 
that the greatest cold is found farthest from the glass ; 
hence pipes are usually found on the floor, beneath 
stages, or anywhere but just where the cold is strongest. 
Of course, the theory is that, as with water so with 
heat, it ascends, and will assuredly warm the upper 
area of the house—viz., the atmosphere just beneath 
the glass. That is an admirable theory, because it 
seems theoretically exact, only that practice has so 
often been found making game of theory, and proving 
that it is all at sea. Whilst the heat is rising from the 
pipes it is being fast cooled in the air, and the ground 
beneath, the brickwork—indeed, all sorts of material 
about the pipes, alive and dead, fixed and moveable— 
is absorbing heat which is needed just where the cold is 
greatest. Keep the cold out, and the soil and brick¬ 
work beneath will be warm enough ; but it does seem 
a waste of power to heat that before the actual cold 
itself is attacked. 
No wonder that boilers are driven to their utmost 
capacity, that pipes are made almost red-hot, and that 
fuel is consumed far beyond the real needs of the case 
to keep the temperature of the house up to the needful 
pitch. The system seems peculiarly faulty, not only 
for the reason that the boilers are set so low, and, of 
course, are so costly, as also that the piping is laid so 
low that its heating power is squandered ere it can 
accomplish the work expected from it. Now all who 
have tried the plan of top-lieating have found it very 
efficient, but it is feared that few have so tried it, anil 
those more as a sort of supplementary aid, than as a 
substantial system. But what I would suggest is that 
3-in. and 4-in. pipes be dispensed with altogether, as 
flows at least, and that two or three li-in. or 2-in. pipes 
be fixed at regular intervals, some 6 ins. from the glass 
roof, being fed by one flow, and connected at the 
farther end of the house with a 3-in. return, which 
should lie along just within the side of the house and 
near the glass. 
Assuming that a house 100 ft. by 12 ft. or 18 ft. 
wide were thus to be heated, the boiler being fixed at 
one end, and could thus be stood on the ground level, 
the flows should be, at least, two on either side of the 
span, with one return on either side also ; thus the 
whole of the heat would be found just where danger 
from cold was greatest, and a special benefit would be 
that the glass would in all weathers be kept dry, and 
the woodwork also. Drip and damp would be cured, 
and the distribution of heat would be most effective and 
even.— A. D. 
