June 20, 1891. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
667 
Wellington, Xavier Olibo, and Duchess de Caylus—all 
Jacqueminot seedlings. Of the Jules Margottin race, 
we have Marguerite de St. Amand and Princess Mary, 
but the year’s special product was the discovery 
at Montauban of Marechal Niel. 
1865 was “Alfred Colomb’s ” year — perhaps 
Lacharme’s finest H.P. Rose. Marie Rady, Camille 
Bernardin, and Fisher Holmes almost complete our 
collection of red Roses. 
1866, Annie Wood, Horace Yernet, Mrs. Geo. Paul, 
Mons. Noman, and Paul Yerdier. 
Of 1867 and spring of 1868, seven years after 
“ Charles Lefebvre’s ” year, I naturally think highly, 
as in that season I sent out Duke of Edinburgh, a 
gain worth winning. Lacharme carried to their utmost 
his hybrid Noisettes in Boule de Neige ; Pernet gave 
us Baroness Rothschild; Guillot, La France. Miss 
Ingram was the English Rose, and made a great 
sensation. In this year the first break in new Teas 
also occurred with Jean Pernet and Reine du Portugal. 
1868 gave us only Dupuy Jamain, Edouard Morren, 
Henri Ledechaux, Emily Hausburgh, dull hardy 
flowers, brilliantly followed in 
1869 by a long list—Comtesse d’Oxford, Mdlle. 
Eugenie Verdier, Louise Yan Houtte, Marquise de 
Castellane, and certainly not the least among Roses, 
Paul Neron. 
1870 was the French War year. The first of the 
climbing H.P. sports appeared in our climbing Y. 
Yerdier. 
1871 gave us only four first-class Hybrids—Etienne 
Levet, F. Michelon, Princess Beatrice, and Madame 
H. Jamain. 
1872 was a year of light Roses—Madame Lacharme, 
Marie Cointet, Princess Beatrice; and Teas again 
advanced with Anna Olivier and Perle de Lyon. 
1873, spring, gave us the Rose bearing the president’s 
name, S. R. Hole ; it appears ten years after its parent, 
Duke of Edinburgh, thus bearing out Jjacharme’s 
lictum, that it is ten years before a Rose produces good 
progeny. Also the first Hybrid Tea, Cheshunt Hybrid, 
a self-fertilised seedling of Madame de Tartas. Of the 
French Roses, it would be almost a void year but for 
Captain Christy, the culminating flower of the Victor 
Yerdier race. 
1874, but for Lacharme’s Comtesse de Serenye, and 
the distinct Tea, Jean Ducher, would be an English 
year—John Stuart Mill, Miss Hassard, Star of Waltham, 
and Wilson Saunders being the survivors. 
1875 gave us Duchesse de Vallombrosa, Abel 
Carriere, Jean Liabaud, and Madame Prosper Laugier ; 
adding in the spring of 1876 our own new English 
Roses, Duke of Connaught, and Sultan of Zanzibar, and 
Mr. Turner’s Mrs. Baker and Oxonian. 
1876 to 1879 were years of dearth. We note only 
1876, Magna Charta, and John Bright; 1877, Emily 
Laxton, A. K. Williams ; 1878, Laxton’s Charles 
Darwin, Turner’s Harrison Weir; 1879, Postans’ 
Duchess of Bedford and Countess of Rosebery, and 
Mitchell’s Wm. Warden, mark it as an English year. 
No first-class Perpetuals came from France. 
In 1880 Duke of Teck, Glory of Cheshunt, Dr. Hogg, 
Francois Levet; with Tea, F. Kriiger. 
1881, U. Brunner, Y. Bouyer, George Baker, Pride 
of Waltham. 
1882, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Heinrich Schultheis, 
Queen of Queens, Merveille de Lyon. 
1883, Alphonse Soupert, Eclair, Ella Gordon ; Teas, 
Sunset, and Madame de Watteville. 
From 1884 to now—a semi-decade of but few 
Perpetuals, as if about that date the limit of expansion 
had been obtained—we note Victor Hugo, Gloire 
Lyonnaise, and the English Madame N. Neruda 
Charles 'Lamb, Bennett’s noble Her Majesty, and 
Madame Henry Pereire as amongst the few really 
good. 
Did we, then, about 1879, after twenty years’ work, 
reach the limits of the class of Hybrid Perpetuals ? 
Well, I almost think so on the established and laid- 
down lines, but if a departure in the way of stronger 
habit, greater floriferousness, better form, and active 
flowering qualities be sought for and found, the class 
may be continued further. For instance, there is no 
red Perpetual with form and habit like La France_we 
still want red Roses growing vigorously as Lilacs, and 
there is no limit to a proportionate increase in size. 
One can point to the good work being done by English 
raisers, who have during these thirty years certainly 
held their own ; and of Roses of the last year or two 
we can point with pride to such as Her Majesty, Earl 
of Dufferin, Mrs. John Laing, and Silver Queen as 
amongst the best in any group. 
But what about the Teas? Prior to 1860 they 
numbered seventy to eighty in the catalogues ; the ten 
or twelve show varieties with the addition of a few 
decorative sorts, such as Abricote, Canary, Safrano, 
and Madame de St. Joseph, were alone worth growing; 
the rest were mere names. The class has become a 
large one since then, developing almost a separate 
family of Dijon Teas, of which Bouquet d’Or, Bello 
Lyonnaise (1869), Madame Berard (1870), Gloire de 
Bordeaux (1861), and Madame Eugenie Verdier (1882) 
are the types, with intermediate shades and colours. 
The Show Teas received an addition in 1860—Boule 
d’Or. None that would stay came until the advent of 
Madame Margottin and Mons. Furtadot in 1866. 
1867 gave us Jean Pernet and Reine de Portugal. 
1868, Adrienne Christophle and Marie Sisley’’. 
1869, Catherine Mermet and Belle Lyonnaise. 
1871 was one of the best Tea years with Marie Van 
Houtte, Souvenir de Paul Neron, and Comtesse de 
Nadaillac. 
1872, Anna Olivier and Perle de Lyon. 
1874, Jean Ducher, Perle des Jardins, and Maria 
Guillot. 
1875, Marquise de Sanima, Souvenir de Madame 
Pernet. 
1876, Comtesse de Riza du Parc, and in 1877 Madame 
Lambard. 
187S was very rich with Innocents Pirola, Jules 
Finger (1879), and Francisca Kriiger (1880). 
1881, Etoile de Lyon and Madame Cusin. 
1882, Edith Gifford and Souvenir de Therese Levet. 
1883, Madame de Watteville and Sunset. 
1S84, Souvenir de Gabrielle Drevet. 
1886, Luciole and the Bride. 
1887, Madame Hoste, Princesse de Sagan. 
1888, Brownlow and Princess Beatrice. 
An average in the twenty-one years, 1866 to 1S87, of 
two per year added to the Show Teas, raising the class 
numerically to nearly three times its number since 1S60. 
There is little doubt the Teas will separate into the 
Dijon and Show Teas, the former taking all the tall 
climbing sorts, the latter the dwarf, finely-shaped 
flowers. Decorative Teas have had added Ma Capucine 
and others ; but they will only last until a few double 
flowers of the same colour are added. 
The class of Hybrid Teas does not seem to have made 
real advance. After Cheshunt Hybrid came in Reine 
Marie Henriette, and then some double climbing Roses 
from Nabonnand, as Reine Olga de IViirtemberg and 
Marie Lavallee. Cameons and Bennett’s Grace Darling 
are beautiful free-flowering additions likely to continue. 
I may add that I do not class with them Lady Mary 
Fitzwilliam, Lady Alice, Madame G. Caillot, or 
Madame Joseph Desbois, in which the Perpetual seems 
to predominate ; their very dwarf habits do not add to 
their probability of lasting. 
Rugosas have advanced, to the white and cream 
having been added single rose colours ; and in 1881 the 
semi-double Comte d’Epremesnil, which has not lost 
the free-fruiting power of the family ; and in 1887 the 
double white Madame Geo. Bruant, a reputed Tea 
Hybrid, beautiful in any case. 
The Dwarf Polyanthas, flowering in autumn, are 
entirely new ; they originated, I believe, in M. Sisley’s 
or in M. Guillot’s garden at Lyons, and are evidently 
Teas hybridised with the single Polyantha, Ma 
Paquerette (Guillot), about 1877 ; Anne de Montravel 
followed, 1879 ; Mignonette and Madame C. Brunner, 
1881 ; Perle d’Or (the yellow 7 ), 1883 ; Gloire des Poly- 
anthes, 1887. These are the best of the dwarf sorts, 
but some climbing kinds are becoming perpetual ; large 
flowers were secured, and Mr. Girdlestone and others 
have suggested that a hardy race of Hybrid Teas may 
be won from this class. 
Mosses have made but little progress. Moreau has 
gained the fine white Blanche Moreau. A pretty 
miniature is Little Gem. Moreau has raised some others 
which are said to have passed into English hands for 
distribution. 
Noisettes have grown in number but little ; William 
Allen Richardson and L’ldeale (of 1888), with perhaps 
the addition of some of Nabonnand’s Hybrids of this 
and last year. 
Hybrid Bourbons gain in Madame Isaac Pereire 
(1880), a probably prolific parent of a grand new race 
of large autumn Roses. 
The total gains in all classes during the thirty years 
are great. They are the Hybrid Perpetuals, virtually 
perfected ; a large and fine class of Teas have been 
made ; two new species have been developed as garden 
flowers ; whilst good culture everywhere is now the 
rule rather than the exception. —■ George Paul, 
F.B.H.S ., in the Journal of the Boyal Horticultural 
Society. 
(Htjajtrajs Ijrmu flp HI or lb 
nlj JStirmr. 
--t-- 
The Earth Worm and Plants.—The question is 
often raised amongst gardeners as to whether the Earth 
Worm (Lumbricus terrestris) really does any injury to 
plants in the open ground. It is admitted by all that 
worms do considerable injury to pot plants simply by 
stopping up the drainage and rendering the soil water¬ 
logged. Mostly every observant person has noticed 
that leaves are often pulled partly into the soil of lawns 
and the remainder left standing erect. This may most 
frequently be seen during the moist days of autumn, 
when worm-casts on the grass become a veritable 
nuisance to the scythe or mowing machine. If this 
were all they were capable of doing, they might be 
considered harmless ; but in moist weather during the 
early part of summer, worms may be found in con¬ 
junction with slugs injuring newly planted bedding 
subjects such as Stocks, Asters and similar annuals, 
which they are able to drag into their holes and even to 
snap off the stems in their efforts to do so. Their 
strength is considerable, particularly when one end is 
partly in the ground. With the exception of young and 
tender plants, all others may, however, be considered as 
practically safe from their depredations ; and the good 
that worms can do more than counterbalances the evil 
of which they are capable. 
On Stipules, their Form and Function.— 
This is the title of a paper read by the Right Hon. Sir 
John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., before theLinnean Society, 
and now printed in the journal of that body, vol. 28, 
p. 217. He points out that species generally belonging 
to certain families have stipules, while those of other 
families have none, but that these rules are by no means 
absolute, not only with reference to families as a whole, 
but also to certain genera, such as Helianthemum, 
Rosa, Acacia, Saxifraga, Spiraea, Berberis, Cytisus and 
others. The function of stipules is to protect the 
tender, young leaves while yet in bud, and during 
expansion. Several reasons are adduced in favour of 
this view, one of which is that in a great number of 
instances the stipules fall away after the expansion of 
the leaves they protected in the young state, while in 
others they serve to protect the winter bud, and are 
more persistent than the leaves themselves to which 
they belonged. The question as to why they are 
present in some species and absent in others, is 
explained by the other methods which nature has 
adopted for the protection of buds and young leaves. 
The base of the petioles of the leaves is developed into 
a sheath, as in some of the species of Helianthemum, 
sometimes connate, and forming a cup around the 
younger organs, as in Cystus; the pedicels are elongated 
and persistent, as in many of the Pea family ; the 
petioles themselves are dilated, or bear processes which 
perform the function of protection ; and sometimes the 
stipules perform the function of leaves which may be 
more or less rudimentary or absent, as in Lathyrus 
Aphaca. The more important modifications of the 
various protective organs are illustrated by means of 
woodcuts. The exceptional instances in many of the 
Dicotyledonous orders receive a considerable amount of 
attention. 
CuscutaEpithymum on different host plants. 
—As the name implies, this species of Dodder affects 
the wild Thyme of our pastures and mountain sides, 
but is far from being exclusively confined to it. In 
fact, when a large piece or patch of it is found, it seems 
to fix on almost anything indiscriminately. At Yirginia 
Water it occurs on the Smaller Whin (Ulex nanus), on 
Ling (Calluna vulgaris) Holcus mollis and other 
grasses. On the chalk cliffs near Brighton it may be 
found on Thymus Serpyllum, Anthyllis Vulneraria, 
Beilis perennis, Plantago laneeolata, Ranunculus bul- 
bosus, Lotus corniculatus, and others, forming wide- 
spreading patches which seem to increase year after 
year, both in number and size. The common Gorse 
(Ulex europseus) seems equally suitable to it on the 
heathy, rocky sea-shores of Guernsey and Jersey, where 
the slender, thread-like, red stems entangle the bushes 
with their labyrinthic coils, till the whole appears of 
the same ruddy hue. This leafless parasite is widely 
spread throughout England, but is comparatively rare 
or absent from Scotland and Ireland. Its presence on 
the Clover in fields is sometimes productive of harm by 
exhausting the crop, while in itself of no value a 
animal food, and difficult to eradicate. — J. F. 
