August 22, 1891. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
811 
A COLLECTION OF 
LILIES. 
There are forty-five true species of Lilium, all 
natives of temperate regions of the Northern 
hemisphere, and of course scattered over the 
territories of both the Old and New Worlds. All 
are, therefore, hardy in Britain, or so nearly so that 
they can be grown in the open air with few excep¬ 
tions when placed under, suitable conditions. The 
requirements of the different species vary slightly in 
minor details, but those who set themselves to 
master the special requirements succeed admirably 
with by far the larger proportion of them. All are, 
strictly speaking, herbaceous plants, and many of 
them may be grown in the ordinary herbaceous 
border without any special treatment whatever in 
districts which conform in the matter of climate to 
that which they are accustomed to in their native 
habitats. Where the climate is not exactly suitable 
then the empirical gardener or cultivator has to find 
under what special conditions they may success¬ 
fully be grown in his garden or pleasure grounds, as 
the case may be. Some of the species, such a s 
L. gigantem, L. cordifolium, and others, require 
greenhouse treatment in cold or northern districts, 
but success is attainable there. 
In Mr. Baker’s excellent analysis of the genus, the 
forty-five species are divided into six sections, by 
characters Which may be understood by the amateur 
as well as the botanist. Four of these sections are 
represented by the undermentioned species, all of 
which have been sent us by Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale 
Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, from his collection 
there. The early flowering kinds are of course now 
out of bloom, and those sent represent those in their 
best form at the present time. 
Lilium cordifolium.— The leaves of this species 
are heart-shaped, as the name implies. The large 
funnel-shaped flowers are white, tinted with green 
externally-blotched with purple in the throat, and 
lightly mottled with the same hue near the tips. 
The stems attain a height of 3 ft. or 4 ft., bearing from 
four to ten flowers, each of which are about 5 ins. 
long. In the more favoured parts of Britain it 
succeeds admirably in the open air, in a somewhat 
shady position, but not overhung with trees. 
L. Parryi.' —This Californian species keeps on 
flowering for a considerable length of time during 
the summer months, and is notable for its large, 
funnel-shaped flowers borne in terminal racemes ; 
they are of a bright yellow, thinly spotted with 
brownish-red, and fragrant. The bulbs may be 
grown in pots or planted out in a slightly shaded 
position. A few bulbs of it form a beautiful clump 
when in bloom. It is comparatively new, having 
been introduced as recently as 1879. 
L. Krameri. —Here again the flowers are funnel- 
shaped, but much shorter and relatively wider. 
Internally the segments are white tinted with rose, 
but the latter hue is much brighter on the outer 
surface. It is allied to L. .japonicum, and comes 
from the same country, but the leaves are narrower 
and longer, while the slender stem is only 3 ins. or 
4 ins. high, bearing a single, horizontal flower at the 
top. The flowers are both fragrant and beautiful. A 
peaty soil should be given it. 
L. philadelphicum.— The stems of this beautiful 
and distinct type are slender and vary from 1 to 
3 ft. in height, bearing whorls of relatively small 
lanceolate leaves in whorls of three to eight each. 
-The flowers are solitary or in small umbels and erect. 
The segments are orange-red, spotted with crimson 
on the lower half, and present a curiously star-like 
appearance owing to their long narrow claws that in 
no way touch one another. It was originally intro¬ 
duced as long ago as 1754, from North America, and 
may be described as a handsome and elegant Lily. 
L. canadense rubrum.— Somewhat similar in shape 
to L. Krameri, the flower of the Lily under notice 
differs in being decidedly pendulous, with the tips of 
the segments revolute. The type is of a clear bright 
yellow, but the variety under notice differs in having 
the upper third of their length of a distinct red hue, 
while the outer face of the segments is wholly red. 
The lower two-thirds are also blotched with crimson. 
The bulbs are somewhat rhizomatous and delight in 
plenty of moisture during the summer months. 
L. pardalixum Michauxi.— The Panther Lily -is 
notable for its variability in colour, The variety 
under notice is a fine one with large orange flowers, 
richly spotted with crimson op the lower two-thirds, 
while the rest is of a deep orange-red. It delights 
in a peaty soil in moist situations, and when the 
conditions are suitable it attains the height of 6 ft. to 
7 ft. The original importation of this species was 
made in 1875, and since then it has proved a bold 
and easily-grown plant. 
L. Humboldtii. — In this we have another fine 
Californian species, somewhat similar in habit to the 
last, with leaves in large whorls upon tall, stout 
stems. The flowers are large, pendulous, with 
revolute segments, and vary in number from six to 
forty in a panicle. The segments are orange-yellow 
and spotted with crimson on the lower half, while the 
upper is heavily marked with crimson confluent 
blotches, that is, running together almost in one 
mass. It is otherwise known under the name of L, 
Bloomerianum. 
L. Martagon dalmaticum. —The more common 
forms of this Lily are well-known in gardens, but 
the variety here noticed is less common. The 
flowers are of an intense blackish-purple and very 
distinct, and are produced in long, pyramidal racemes. 
It grows freely in any good garden soil, in the 
ordinary herbaceous border, or amongst Rhododen¬ 
drons. 
L. monadelphum Szovitsianum.— Perhaps this 
variety is better known in gardens under the name 
of L. colchicum. The stems vary from 4 ft. to 6 ft. 
in height and bear a pyramidical cluster of noble¬ 
looking flowers, of a bright yellow, dotted on the 
lower three-fourths of their length considerably with 
crimson. The basal portion of the tube externally 
is stained with claret-red, which adds to their 
appearance. It grows grandly in good loamy soil 
and apparently is not very particular as to situation, 
but certainly succeeds well amongst Rhododendrons, 
so long as the latter do not get too large so as to 
overshadow the young stems while making their 
growth in the early part of the season. 
L. chalcedonicum. —The Chalcedonian Lily is a 
native of Greece, from whence it was originally 
introduced in 1796, and is therefore an old garden 
favourite. The densely leafy stems generally grow 
about 3 ft. high bearing a terminal umbel or cluster 
of bright, glossy scarlet flowers. It keeps on flower¬ 
ing during a great part of the summer months, and 
is both elegant and showy. Ordinary garden soil 
meets all its requirements. 
A hybrid Lily.— Lilium testaceum, better known 
in gardens perhaps as L. excelsum, is an old garden 
plant supposed to be a hybrid between L. candidum 
and L. chalcedonicum. It has large drooping 
flowers with revolute segments, of a pale yellow 
uniformly suffused with pale red, and streaked with 
a darker hue towards the base—in short, the flowers 
might be described as of a pale apricot hue. We 
have received, through Mr. Ware, the flower of a 
Lily raised by a Lily amateur, between L. testaceum 
and L. chalcedonicum. It is somewhat smaller than 
the former, and of the same structure, but the colour 
is considerably intensified, that is, several shades 
darker. The segments are, however, much longer 
and broader than those of L. chalcedonicum, so that 
it may be considered intermediate between the two. 
Under those conditions it would be a hybrid of the 
second degree, and quite distinct from L. testaceum. 
The same amateur states that he has raised the 
typical L. testaceum by crossing L. chalcedonicum 
with L. candidum, thus solving the mystery of the 
hybrid origin of that old garden Lily, a fact which 
botanists have long suspected. 
_ _ -» - _ 
‘ ♦ 
A DOUBLE HAREBELL. 
The varieties to which our native Harebell (Cam¬ 
panula rotundifolia) have given rise to both in this 
country and on the Continent are now very 
numerous, and fresh ones continue to appear. 
There is a double form known as C. r. soldanellae- 
flora, with deep blue, curious looking flowers cut up 
into long, linear segments. The variety under note 
is quite of a different type, and the corolla is not cut 
up at all. It would be more correct to describe it as 
a hose-in-hose Harebell than a double one, because 
as a rule there is simply one corolla neatly inserted 
within the primary one. Occasionally there are a 
few more segments of an irregular character inside 
the two perfect corollas. The latter are shorter and 
wider than usual, bell-shaped, and of a very pale 
blue or lavender colour. The variety may be 
described as pretty and may be seen on the Rockery 
at Kew. 
©leanings from i fje H>orl& 
of 
Hen-and-chicken Marigold —We have now 
several normal or abnormal forms of plants and 
flowers passing under the name of Hen-and-chicken. 
Sempervivum globiferum bears numerous small 
globular rosettes of leaves round the parent one, and 
is known as the Hen-and-chicken Houseleek. This is 
a normal case. The Hen-and-chicken Daisy is a 
case of proliferation, and therefore abnormal. 
Numerous small Daisy heads are developed round 
the primary head, giving rise to the popular epithet. 
We have now a similar case occurring in the common 
Marigold (Calendula officinalis). It is more a 
curiosity than an ornament, but will doubtless find 
many admirers who delight in garden curiosities. 
The primary head may be single or double, and 
orange coloured, or the florets may be orange in the 
upper half and yellow in the lower. The small heads, 
or chickens, are generally, if not always, single and 
mostly show the distribution of colour last named. 
The small heads are on stalks 1 in. to 4 ms. long, and 
arise from the axils of the bracts below the rays of 
the primary head. The philosophy of the case is 
that the stalks of the small heads are branches, 
homologus with branches arising from the axils of 
leaves, which in this case are bracts. Normally a 
bud is supposed to be present in the axil of every 
leaf, and this bud may develop into a branch or 
remain dormant. It normally remains dormant in 
the axils of the bracts surrounding the flower head, 
not only in the common Marigold but in all com¬ 
posites. The Hen-and-chicken Marigold is therefore 
very abnormal. Further, the peculiarity is repro¬ 
duced from seed, but the seedlings are not always 
constant, but may have single or double flowers, and 
the latter are sometimes quite normal, with no 
chickens at all. 
Echium plantagineum. —The species’of Bugloss 
are not much cultivated, notwithstanding the beauty 
of some of them. They are mostly of biennial 
duration, and consequently require to be grown from 
seeds every year, so that they may come into bloom 
the second. That under notice is a showy species 
with large blue flowers shaded with purple. The 
main axis grows to a heigth of 1 ft. to 3 ft., while the 
branches mostly spread along the ground, and termi¬ 
nate in ascending points with cymes of flowers. The 
species of Echium are notable amongst the Borage 
Worts for the irregularity of the corolla. E. plan¬ 
tagineum is a native of Spain, and all along the 
Mediterranean regions to Greece, and comes politic¬ 
ally within the range of the British flora, although 
not geographically. It is recorded in all British 
floras as being a native of the south-west of Jersey, 
and is recorded in the Journal of Botany, xi, 20, as 
having been found in some abundance at Land’s End, 
Cornwall. It has probably been introduced to the 
latter place ; but is no doubt truly spontaneous in 
the South-west of Jersey, and it is satisfactory to note 
that it still maintains itself there on the sloping 
heights facing the sea. Those who attempt its culti¬ 
vation should therefore select a naturally dry and 
well-drained position, preferably on the rockery, in 
full exposure to the sun. 
Rotation of Crops.—In the virgin soil of some 
parts of America a succession of wheat crops have 
been taken off the same land for many years, with 
little if any manure. In the old and long cultivated 
soils of Britain it has been found impossible to do 
this, and what is termed a rotation of crops must be 
pursued. Agricultural chemists however, have 
shown how it is possible to obtain wheat or other 
corn crops from the land every year by restoring to 
the soil, in the form of chemical manures, what any 
particular corn crop may have removed from it. 
This practice is however, checked in another way. 
The continuous cultivation of ccrn crops on the 
same land favours the increase of corn weeds, 'en¬ 
tailing considerable expense in keeping them down, 
unless recourse is had to some other kind of crop 
which will facilitate the destruction of the weeds. 
In France a four years’ rotation is much in vogue, 
such as potatos, wheat, clover, and wheat, and this 
may be varied by growing beetroot or some other 
crop the first year. In some of the northern counties 
of Britain it takes from five to seven years to com¬ 
plete a rotation, by growing one or two corn crops, 
then one of turnips or potatos, then one of corn, and 
lastly, two or three crops of grass with clover. 
