52 
P.M. O’Loughlin, S. Barmos & D. VandenSpiegel 
Paracaudina sp. Rowe, 1982: 470, fig. 10.34c. 
Paracaudina australis. —Gowlett-Holmes, 2008: 263.— 
Saunders, 2009: 99, fig. 5.19. (non Molpadia australis Semper, 1868) 
Material examined. Holotype. Victoria, Westernport Bay, Phillip 
Island, Ventnor, McHaffie Point, MRG, 16 Feb 2008, NMV F151853. 
Paratypes. Westernport Bay, San Remo, Griffith Point, 2 Jan 1999, 
NMV F89700 (1): Merricks beach, 5 Nov 1967, NMV F45254 (1); 27 
Jul 1969, NMV F45240 (1); 4 Jun 2011, NMV F174893 (1); 10 Jun 
2011, NMV F174894 (1); Shoreham, 26Aug 1978, NMV F76071 (2); 
30 Mar 1902, NMV F173250 (1) (removed from Shoreham lot 60669- 
71 / H19 (3) examined in part by Joshua 1914). 
Other material. Victoria, Westernport Bay, Crawfish Rock, 12 m, 
13 Oct 1968, NMV F169343 (1); Somers, 28 Sep 1968, NMV F45273 
(1); Port Phillip Bay, Brighton beach, NMV F45020 (1); Rosebud 
beach, NMV F173247 (1); Rye pier, 6 Apr 2011, NMV F173272 (1); 
Blairgowrie Marina, 5 m, 18 Jun 2011 (photo J. Finn, NMV); 
Tootgarook beach, 20 Jun 2011, NMV F174896 (1). South Australia, 
Yorke Peninsula, Browns Beach, SAM K2493 (6); Edithburgh, sand, 
3-4 m, 12 May 1999, SAM K2486 (1); 2-3 m, 11 Jun 2005, SAM 
K2487 (1); sand, low tide, 26 Oct 2007 SAM K2490 (1); 8 Nov 2003, 
SAM K2491 (1). Western Australia, east of Duke of Orleans Bay, 
Niminup beach after storm, Nov 1990, WAM Z31888 (1); Albany, 5 
Dec 1983, WAM Z31881 (1). 
Diagnosis. Paracaudina species up to 180 mm total length, up 
55 mm diameter, caudal taper 45 mm long (SAM K2491, 
preserved); thin, parchment-like to soft leathery body wall 
(preserved); live colour off-white, preserved colour off-white to 
pale yellow or brown; posterior body with caudal taper to 
narrow rounded end, sometimes short discrete tail, lacking a 
discrete long thin tail; body wall ossicles small irregular rods 
only, straight, bent, wavy, J-shaped, sometimes with nodes, 
rarely with short branches, up to 64 pm long. 
Type locality. Victoria, Westernport Bay, Phillip Island, 
Ventnor, McHaffie Point. 
Distribution. Victoria (Westernport Bay, Port Phillip Bay), 
South Australia Gulfs, Eyre Peninsula, to southern Western 
Australia (Albany); 0-145 m (Rowe 1982); 0-230 m (Gowlett- 
Holmes 2008). 
Etymology. From the Latin baculus (rod), and its diminutive 
bacillus, referring to the very small rod ossicles only in the 
body wall. 
Remarks. Paracaudina bacillis O’Loughlin and Barmos sp. 
nov. is distinguished diagnostically amongst Paracaudina 
species by having only small irregular rod ossicles in the body 
wall. Rods of similar form occur also in Paracaudina australis 
(Semper, 1868), a species that also has irregular marginally 
spinous perforated plate ossicles in the body wall. Rowe 1982 
recognised this “undescribed form” from Port Phillip Bay and 
southern Western Australia, and illustrated (fig. 10.34c) the 
diagnostically characteristic minute irregular rod ossicles from 
the body wall. Gowlett-Holmes 2008 illustrated and described 
a species from southern Australia as Paracaudina australis 
that has the body form, size up to 20 cm long, and off-white 
colour of Paracaudina bacillis O’Loughlin and Barmos sp. 
nov. Gowlett-Holmes 2008 described the habit as “usually 
completely buried 5-10 cm below the sediment surface; moves 
slowly through the sand feeding on detritus, leaving a broad 
furrow-like trail”. Saunders 2009 also illustrated a specimen as 
P. australis at Coffin Bay on the Eyre Peninsula that we judge 
to be P. bacillis based on size and form and colour. Joshua 1914 
referred two specimens from Westernport Bay and “Mordialloc” 
(Port Phillip Bay) to Caudina chilensis (Muller). We found 
these two specimens with a third specimen in lot H19 / 60669- 
71 / NMV F45019, and assigned (below) the two referred to by 
Joshua 1914 to the new species Paracaudina cuprea O’Loughlin 
and Barmos (F169344) and Paracaudina tetrapora (H. L. 
Clark, 1914) (F45019, original registration). The label indicated 
all three specimens were collected by J. A. Kershaw at 
Shoreham. We judge that Joshua’s reference to “Mordialloc” 
was a mistake. We found no specimens from Mordialloc in the 
NMV collection. The third specimen in the lot, not commented 
on in Joshua 1914, is the third new species (above) Paracaudina 
bacillis O’Loughlin and Barmos (F173250). 
Paracaudina chilensis (Muller, 1850) 
Figures lc, 7, 8, 12b 
Molpadia chilensis Muller, 1850: 139.—Muller, 1854: pi. 6 fig. 14, 
pi. 9 fig. 1.-Semper, 1868: 233,-Theel, 1886: 55. 
Microdactyla caudata Sluiter, 1880: 348-351, pi. 6 fig. 1, pi. 7 figs 
1 - 6 . 
Caudina ransonnetii Marenzeller, 1881: 126-127, pi. 4 figs 5, 
5A.—Ludwig, 1883: 158-159.—Lampert, 1885: 210.—’Theel, 1886: 
54.—Ludwig, 1891: 354,-Mitsukuri, 1912: 261-262, pi. 8 fig. 76. 
Caudina caudata— Ludwig, 1883: 159. (synonymy with Caudina 
chilensis (Muller) by H. L. Clark 1908) 
Caudina coriacea.— Theel, 1886: 47, pi. 3 fig 4a-c. (non Caudina 
coriacea Hutton, 1872) 
Caudina rugosa R. Perrier, 1904: 16.—R. Perrier, 1905: pi. 4 figs 
10-12. (synonymy with Caudina chilensis (Muller) by H. L. Clark 
1908) 
Caudina pigmentosa Perrier, 1904: 16-17.—Perrier, 1905: pi. 4 
figs 1-9. (synonymy by H. L. Clark 1935) 
Caudina contractacauda H. L. Clark, 1908: 38-39, 173, 177, 178, 
pi. 9 figs 9-13. (synonymy by H. L. Clark 1935) 
Caudina chilensis— H. L. Clark, 1908: 173, 175-176.—Hozawa, 
1928: 361-378, pis 14-17.-Ohshima, 1929: 39-45. 
Pseudocaudina chilensis.— Heding, 1931: 283. 
Pseudocaudina ransonnetii.— Heding, 1931: 283. 
Paracaudina chilensis— Heding, 1933: 127-142, pis 5-8.—H. L. 
Clark, 1935: 267-284.-Deichmann, 1938: 383-384, fig. 15,-Pawson, 
1969: 139-140.—A. M. Clark and Rowe, 1971: 184-185.—Pawson, 
1977: 119 (part).—Cannon and Silver, 1986: 40.—Rowe and Gates, 
1995: 264.—Liao and Clark, A. M„ 1995: 518-519, fig. 316,-Lane et 
al., 2000: 491. 
Paracaudina ransonnetii— Heding, 1933: 455.—Djakonov et al., 
1958: 377. 
Paracaudina chilensis var. ransonnetii H. L. Clark, 1935: 281.— 
H. L. Clark, 1938: 540-541 ,-H. L. Clark, 1946: 444.-A. M. Clark 
and Rowe, 1971: 194-195, fig. 96a. (synonymy by Liao and Pawson 
1992) 
Material examined. Western Australia, Roebuck Bay, Broome, Sep 
1929, from H. L. Clark collection, AM J6435 (1); Eighty Mile Beach, 
19°20'00"S 121 o 21'00"E, Annabim Expedition 1999, mudflat, WAM 
Z5637 (1); WAM Z5638 (2); WAM Z5639 (1); WAM Z5640 (1); WAM 
Z5641 (1); WAM Z5642 (1); WAM Z5653 (1); WAM Z5654 (1); WAM 
Z5655 (2 tails). New South Wales, Twofold Bay, Nullica Bay, 9.1 m, 22 
Feb 1985 AM J19908 (one 3 mm fragment). New Zealand, South 
