54 
P.M. O’Loughlin, S. Barmos & D. VandenSpiegel 
ossicle forms of Paracaudina coriacea and Paracaudina 
chilensis. We raise Paracudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) out of 
synonymy with Paracaudina chilensis (Muller, 1850). 
Perrier 1905 illustrated (pi. 5 figs 16,17) what he considered 
to be the predominant ossicle form in his Caudina pulchella 
from New Zealand. Perrier 1905 also illustrated two ossicles 
(fig. N) for his New Zealand variety Caudina coriacea var. 
brevicauda. In both cases these are the thick ossicles with 
rounded margin and small perforations that we have found and 
illustrated as the predominant ossicles in New Zealand 
specimens of Paracaudina coriacea examined in this work. 
This form of ossicle was illustrated for New Zealand specimens 
by Dendy 1897, Mortensen 1925, Heding 1933 (pi. 6 figs 
10-13, New Brighton, Christchurch, specimen), and Pawson 
1963 (cups from adult specimen). These are the predominant 
ossicles of Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton). 
Perrier 1905 illustrated (pi. 4 figs 11,12) what he considered 
to be the predominant ossicle form in his Caudina rugosa 
from Cape Horn, and they are the ossicles of medium thickness 
with prominent blunt marginal projections that we have found 
in the Australian and New Zealand specimens of Paracaudina 
chilensis (Muller) examined in this work. This form of ossicle 
was illustrated by Miiller 1854, Marenzeller 1881, Clark 1908, 
Hozawa 1928, Heding 1933 (pi. 6 figs 1-4, type), Pawson and 
Liao 1992, Liao and Clark 1995 and Pawson et al. 2001 for 
material falling within the synonymy of Paracaudina 
chilensis. 
We note that Heding 1933 (pi. 6 figs 8-9) illustrated 
ossicles from a New Zealand specimen from Tiritiri Matangi 
(north of Auckland) that we judge to be typical of Paracaudina 
chilensis. If this was the predominant ossicle form the 
specimen was Paracaudina chilensis. 
Our New Zealand colleagues were unsuccessful in 
attempting to find the type material for Molpadia coriacea 
Hutton, 1872. 
Paracaudina cuprea O’Loughlin and Barmos sp. nov. 
Figures 11a, b, 12a, 13 
Caudina chilensis.— Joshua, 1914: 6 (part).—Joshua and Creed 
1915: 21-22 (part), (non Molpadia chilensis Muller, 1850) 
Caudina australis— Mortensen, 1925: 364-367, figs 46c, 47a. 
(non Molpadia australis Semper, 1868) 
Paracaudina australis.— Hickman, 1962: 63-64, figsl06-130, pi. 
2 fig. 9—Rowe, 1982: 472 (part), pi. 32.3.—Rowe and Gates, 1995: 264 
(part), (non Molpadia australis Semper, 1868) 
Material examined. Holotype. Victoria, Corner Inlet, Sunday Island, 
mudflat, MRG, 15 Mar 2004, NMV F157396. 
Paratypes. Corner Inlet, Port Welshpool, in sediment, MRG, 5 
Mar 2010, NMV F169322 (2). 
Other material. Victoria, Seaspray, 8 Mar 1977, AM J10610 (1); 
Westernport Bay, San Remo, 2 Apr 1972, NMV F169346 (1); 
Shoreham, 30 Mar 1902, NMV F169344 (1) (removed from Shoreham 
lot 60669-71 / H19 (3) examined in part by Joshua 1914); Portland 
Bay, 27-35 m, 29 Aug 1975, NMV F76073 (1); NMV F174890 (1). 
Tasmania, Seven-mile Beach, 13 Aug 1956, AM J7195 (1); Roches 
Beach, 6 Mar 1974, AM J8437 (4). South Australia, 24 Jun 1924, SAM 
K2504 (1); St Vincent Gulf, mixed localities, Aug 1886, SAM K1381 
(13); Port Stanvac, dredged 16 m, 6 Feb 1991, SAM K2495 (12); SAM 
K2498 (1); Apr 1991, 17 m, SAM K2503 (1); Brighton Beach, 3 Jul ? 
1916, SAM K2506 (2); Port Lincoln, 5 m, 22 Aug 1975, SAM K2492 
(1). Western Australia, AM J2341 (1; no additional data); AM J2342 (1; 
no additional data); Rottnest I., 146-155 m, 15 Aug 1962, WAM Z8977 
(1); 139-145 m, 12 Aug 1962, WAM Z8979 (1); 183-188 m, 14 Aug 
1962, WAM Z8981 (1); 146 m, 10 Aug 1962, WAM Z8985 (1). 
Diagnosis. Paracaudina species up to 153 mm long (F169346, 
preserved), main body 144 mm long, width up to 55 mm, tail 9 
mm long; cylindrical body sharply tapered at ends to pointed 
oral end, discrete short narrow caudal end / tail; thick, firm, 
leathery body wall, smooth, slight wrinkling at oral and anal 
ends, variable transverse creasing; live and preserved colour 
variably rusty, orange, copper, yellow, some off-white patches; 
oval yellow phosphatic bodies present, up to 40 pm long; mid¬ 
body ossicles irregular, variable, round to oval small plates, flat 
to slightly concave, margin and surface smooth or with pointed 
spines or knobs, knobs sometimes joined to create secondary 
layering, up to 12 irregular perforations, frequently with large 
central perforation and or lacking surrounding perforations, 
central perforation bridged by 1 or 3 or 4 arms, rarely chilensis- 
like and bridged by cross on one side and box on other side, 
ossicles up to about 60 pm long. 
Type locality. Victoria, Corner Inlet, Sunday Island, intertidal 
sediments. 
Distribution. Southern Australia, from eastern Victoria 
(Seaspray), south to Tasmania, and west to Rottnest Island (off 
Perth); 0-188 m. 
Etymology. From the Latin cupreus (copper), referring to the 
coppery, rusty colour of live and preserved specimens 
Remarks. The diagnostic characters that distinguish the new 
species Paracaudina cuprea O’Loughlin and Barmos are the 
distinctive body form with discrete, short narrow tail, the rusty 
and orange colour, absence of mid-body wall rods, and the 
predominance of irregular, perforated plate ossicles frequently 
with irregularly bridged central perforation and with blunt 
marginal and surface spines and knobs. 
Joshua 1914 determined a 100 mm long specimen (seen 
here, F169344) from “Mordialloc” on Port Phillip Bay as 
Caudina chilensis (Muller), but reported that it tapered sharply 
posteriorly and could not be described as caudate. Colour was 
yellow, blotched with brownish pink. The cross in the ossicles 
was frequently lost by fusion with the disc. He was referring to 
a specimen of the new species Paracaudina cuprea O’Loughlin 
and Barmos. As discussed in the Remarks under P. bacillis 
(above) we judge from specimen labels that the specimen 
came from Shoreham on Westernport Bay, not “Mordialloc”. 
Although they determined specimens from South Australia as 
Caudina chilensis (Muller), Joshua and Creed 1915 described 
some of them as being up to 125 mm long, lacking the caudate 
character of the species, and yellow with patches of rusty red 
in colour. They were referring to specimens of the new species 
Paracaudina cuprea. Hickman 1962 also described and 
illustrated (as P. australis ) the new species Paracaudina 
cuprea. Rowe 1982 (pi. 32.3) also illustrated this new species 
(as P. australis), and in describing the colour of southern 
Australian specimens as “rusty pink and brown” was referring 
