56 
P.M. O’Loughlin, S. Barmos & D. VandenSpiegel 
to the new species Paracaudina cuprea. Mortensen 1925 
based his discussion of Paracaudina australis on SAM 
specimens. Based on Mortensen’s figures we judge that these 
specimens were our new species Paracaudina cuprea. 
Paracaudina keablei O’Loughlin and Barmos sp. nov. 
Figures lie, 14 
Material examined. Holotype. Queensland, Moreton Bay, Stradbroke 
Island, Dunwich, sandbar, H. Silver, 2 Dec 1978, AM J13579. 
Other material. Queensland, Gulf of Carpentaria, SE corner, 
17°24'55"S 140°42'35" E, 4.6 m, CSIRO Rama prawn survey trawl stn 
555, 16 Jan 1964, AM J17085 (1); 17°30'15"S 140°40'10" E, 2.3 m, 
CSIRO Rama prawn survey trawl stn 494, 18 Dec 1963, AM J17051 
(3). 
Diagnosis. Paracaudina species up to 75 mm total length, 
diameter up to 18 mm, caudal taper and short discrete tail 25 
mm long (preserved); body wall firm, not thin, smooth to 
wrinkled, partly transversely creased, slightly rugose, off-white 
(preserved); short caudal taper and discrete thin tail; no 
evidence of phosphatising; mid-body ossicles predominantly 
thin-walled octagonal plates with large central perforation, 
basal box with 4 supporting arms bridging one side of ossicle, 
cross with 4 supporting arms bridging outer side, short blunt 
spines only around marginal surface and on cross, not on box, 
lacking prominent marginal sub-digitiform projections and 
knobs, ossicles up to 70 pm across. 
Type locality. Northeast Australia, Moreton Bay. 
Distribution. Northeast Australia, Moreton Bay, Stradbroke 
Island, Gulf of Carpentaria; 0-5 m. 
Etymology. Named for Dr Stephen Keable, Collection Manager, 
Marine Invertebrates (Natural Science Collections), Australian 
Museum, in appreciation of his prompt and gracious assistance 
with loans from the Australian Museum for this and other 
research projects. 
Remarks. The holotype specimen of Paracaudina keablei 
O’Loughlin and Barmos sp. nov. is damaged, but the ossicles 
are in good condition. The ossicles in the additional material 
are somewhat eroded, but the predominant ossicle form is 
diagnostically distinguishable. Four Paracaudina Heding 
species have a predominant ossicle form of octagonal plates 
with a basal box with four supporting arms bridging the ossicle 
on one side and a cross with four supporting arms bridging the 
ossicle on the opposite side. The predominant ossicle form in 
Paracaudina chilensis (Muller) is of moderate thickness with 
prominent knobs and sub-digitiform projections around the 
margin. The predominant ossicles in Paracaudina coriacea 
(Hutton) are thick buttons with rounded margin and small 
perforations. Parcaudina keablei sp. nov. is distinguished from 
both these species by having a predominant ossicle form of 
thin-walled plates with large perforations and lack of prominent 
marginal projections. The ossicles in Paracaudina delicata 
Pawson and Liao, 1992 are also thin-walled, but have numerous 
fine digitiform projections around the margin. Paracaudina 
keablei is further distinguished from the other three species 
mentioned here by having a short thin tail. 
Paracaudina luticola Hickman, 1962 
Figures lid, 15 
Caudina chilensis— Joshua and Creed 1915: 21-22 (part) (non 
Molpadia chilensis Muller, 1850). 
Paracaudina luticola Hickman, 1962: 65-66, figs 131—139.— 
Hickman, 1978: 32, figs 25-44, pi. 2.—Pawson, 1977: 119—Rowe, 
1982: 471, fig. 10.35a.—Rowe and Gates, 1995: 265. 
Material examined. Syntypes. Tasmania, Derwent Estuary, Ralph’s 
Bay, 13 m, 30 Jun 1959, AM J7205 (2). 
Other material. Victoria, Shallow Inlet, mud/sand seagrass, 
intertidal, 2 Feb 1990, NMV F169342 (2); Wilson’s Promontory, 
Waratah Bay, Sandy Point, 31 Mar 1969, NMV F76072 (1). South 
Australia, SAM K1379 (1); Aug 1886, SAM K1380 (1); St. Vincent 
Gulf, donated by SAM, NMV F45018 (3; labelled as determination by 
Joshua and Creed in 1915 as Caudina chilensis ); St Vincent Gulf, 
mixed localities, Aug 1886, SAM K2484 (1); Adelaide Outer Harbour, 
Feb 1935, SAM K2505 (1); Port Stanvac, 6 Feb 1991, SAM K2499 (1); 
Henley Beach, SAM K2488 (1); Brighton to Semaphore, SAM K2494 
(2); Largs Bay beach, 26 Aug 1971, SAM K2508 (1); Edithburgh, 
Sultana Point, sand bar, 8 Nov 2003, SAM K2489 (1); Sir Joseph 
Banks Group, Marum I., in Posidonia , 12 m, 11 Jan 1984, SAM K2497 
(1); Port Lincoln, 22 Aug 1975, AM J9466 (1); Venus Bay, 1982, SAM 
K2500 (4); Edward Bay, N of Streaky Bay, 23 Oct 1986, SAM K2483 
(1). Western Australia, Bremer Bay, near Albany, on beach after storm, 
5 Aug 1984, WAM Z31887 (1). 
Diagnosis. Paracaudina species up to 137 mm total length, up 
to 19 mm diameter, caudal taper and discrete thin tail 52 mm 
long (up to 160 mm long live, Hickman 1978); long thin discrete 
tail; body wall thin, firm, parchment-like, variably wrinkled 
and transversely creased, preserved colour off-white to faint 
pink to grey; ossicles variable in form, similar from mid-body 
and tail, predominantly thick crossed cups, oval in form, large 
central perforation, lacking peripheral perforations, about 10- 
12 projecting marginal knobs, fewer marginal surface knobs, 
central perforation spanned by discrete cross, each arm of cross 
with rounded knob-like end; ossicles never with bridging cross 
on one side and box on other side of central perforation; ossicles 
up to about 56 pm long. 
Type locality. Tasmania, Derwent Estuary, Ralph’s Bay, 13 m. 
Distribution. Southern Australia; southern Tasmania, north to 
Shallow Inlet (east of Wilson’s Promontory, Victoria), west to 
Streaky Bay (west side of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia) 
and Bremer Bay (near Albany in Western Australia); 0-13 m. 
Remarks. Hickman 1962 erected this species for caudal part- 
specimens only, but subsequently (1978) described whole 
specimens from the type locality. Ossicle size and form do not 
vary for body wall tissues taken from the main body and tail. 
The predominant ossicle form of thick four-holed cups with 
marginal and surface knobs and discrete cross is diagnostically 
distinctive for Paracaudina luticola Hickman, 1962. Joshua 
and Creed 1915 determined specimens from South Australia to 
be Caudina chilensis (Muller) that showed a “very great 
variation”. We judged above, from their description, that some 
of the larger specimens were Paracaudina cuprea O’Loughlin 
and Barmos. We judge here, from their description of “about 70 
mm long, white colour, markedly caudate discrete tail about 
