EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX 
Upper Figure. — Panorama of Hubbard Glacier 
The glacier reaches Disenchantment Bay, an inner part of Yakutat 
Bay, from the northeast. See plate vm. 
The point of view is on the fiord wall, back of Osier Island, 1,000 
feet above the water. Some of the higher peaks are obscured by 
cloud. The main streams of ice come from the north and northeast, 
and push forward to Disenchantment Bay (at left), into which bergs 
fall. Feebler streams from the east are unable to move the piedmont 
body against which they end, and the latter, accumulated at an earlier 
epoch, is stagnant and wasting, its surface dark with residuary rock 
debris. 
See pages 63—66. 
Drawn by W. E. Spader, from photographs made by G. K. Gil¬ 
bert, June 22, 1899. Negatives nos . 312, 313 and 314, United States 
Geological Survey. 
Lower Figure. — Panorama of Columbia Glacier 
The glacier reaches Columbia Bay, an arm of Prince William Sound, 
from the northeast. See plate xi and figure 37. 
The point of view is a mile east of the glacier and 1,000 feet above 
tide — approximately at timber-line. 
The main sources of the ice river are at the north. A little west of 
north stands an isolated mountain (3,500 feet) which divides the cur¬ 
rent. The main stream passes beyond it, but minor lobes embrace it, 
making it a nunatak. Thence to the bay the broad medial zone of 
white ice presents a wilderness of pinnacles and crevasses. A mar¬ 
ginal zone, moving more slowly, is somewhat less rugged, but black 
with rock fragments. A tract of bare ground separates this zone from 
the forest. The bodies of water at the northwest and north are glacial 
lakes ; that is, they are contained on one side by the ice. The extreme 
salient of the ice front touches a group of islands dividing the bay. 
Where the ice is met by the water of the bay it ends in a vertical wall, 
from which bergs fall. 
The nunatak, the mountains in middle distance toward the north¬ 
west and west, and all mountains seen to the southwest, were sub¬ 
merged by the Pleistocene ice flood. 
See pages 71-81. 
Drawn by W. E. Spader, from photographs made by G. K. Gil¬ 
bert, June 26, 1899. Negatives nos. 340 to 344, United States Geo¬ 
logical Survey. 
