i4 2 
ALASKA GLACIERS 
glaciation, but in interglacial epochs and during a part of 
pre-glacial time. Therefore, only a part of the erosion 
they represent can be ascribed to Pleistocene ice. Those 
at lower levels were made under Pleistocene conditions 
and belong strictly to that epoch. It is noteworthy that 
they occur considerably below the upper limit of ice 
sculpture; on Kupreanof Island and in Glacier Bay they 
were seen on the flanks of mountains whose summits are 
well rounded. Though these lower-lying examples are 
less fully developed than those about the higher summits, 
they represent a notable amount of ice work, and that ice 
work was performed during stages of glacier development 
intermediate in extent between the modern and the maxi¬ 
mum. 
Fiords and Hanging Valleys, — The fiords admit of 
a partial classification as longitudinal, or strike, and trans- 
FIG. 68. A FIORD OF THE INSIDE PASSAGE. 
Ice-rounded mountains in the distance. 
verse. Where the courses are direct and accord with 
the general trend of the coast, and especially where two 
or more fiords or channels are parallel, it is fair to assume 
that their positions were determined by structural factors. 
Where the courses make wide angles with the trend of 
