October 20, 1888. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
119 
of Emperor Alexander in the show, are five fruits 
exhibited by Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co,, Maidstone. 
Lord Grosvenor, Stirling Castle, The Queen, Cox’s 
Pomona, and many other grand examples of cultivation 
might be named. The labels attached to them supply 
much information. A finely-coloured and well-ripened 
collection is shown by Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, 
Crawley, Sussex, including Lord Grosvenor, Caroline, 
Manks Codlin, and others. Mr. G. Griffin, gardener 
to Baron de Rutzen, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest, has 
also a well-coloured collection. Beauty of Kent, Lord 
Derby, Alfriston, Warner’s King, and others, exhibited 
by Messrs. Charles Lee & Son, Royal Vineyard Nur- 
sery, Hammersmith, are very creditable indeed. A 
clean and well-coloured collection is shown by Messrs. 
Paul & Son, Cheshunt. The collection of Mr. John 
Watkins, Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford, is 
notable for the size, colour, and clean skin of the 
specimens. The same may he said of that of Mr. G. 
Sclater, Devon Nurseries, Exeter, hut the samples are 
rather smaller. Many of the samples shown by 
Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, are amongst 
the largest and best coloured of their kind in the con¬ 
servatory, including King of Tomkins County, King 
of Pippins, Dumelow’s Seedling, Cox’s Orange Pippin, 
and others too numerous to mention. The collection 
shown by the Royal Horticultural Society in this class 
contains many fine specimens, but they are not very 
highly coloured. A very meritorious collection of fifty 
varieties that have been grown on bush trees is exhi¬ 
bited by W. Roupell, Esq., Harvey Lodge, Roupell 
Park, including Peasgood's Nonsuch, The Queen, 
Ecklinville, Pott’s Seedling, &c., all of large size and 
fine colour. 
The “Twenty-four” Class. 
The second class consists of collections of twenty- 
four sorts. The following exhibitors have very fine 
collections, namely, Messrs. Lucombe, Pince & Co., 
Exeter ; Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, ; Messrs. J. Laing & 
Sons, Forest Hill; the Messrs. Rothschild, Gunnersbury 
Park, Acton (a very meritorious collection); Messrs. 
H. Lane & Sons, Berkhamstead ; A. H. Smee, Esq. , The 
Grange, Wallington ; Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., 
Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Messrs. John Peed & Sons, 
Mitcham Road, Streatham, S.W.; Messrs. William Paul 
& Son, Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, Chelmsford ; and H. A. 
Brassey, Esq., M.P., Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent, the 
latter collection being very attractive. Nor can we over¬ 
look Mr. J. Rust, Eridge Castle Gardens, whose samples 
were grown at an altitude of 400 ft. above the sea- 
level; Mr. J. Watkins, Mr. W. H. Frettingham, Beeston, 
Notts; The Duke of Newcastle, Clumber, Worksop; 
The Earl of Ducie, Gloucester; Messrs. J. Jefferies & Son, 
Cirencester ; J. A. Rolls, Esq., The Hendre, Monmouth, 
Lady Frances Fletcher, Yalding ; Sir R. Sutton, Bart., 
Newbury; and W. E. Brymer, Esq., Ilsington House, 
Dorchester. Other exhibitors in this class are, The 
Earl of Warwick, The Right Hon. Sir T. D. 
Ackland, Killerton, Exeter ; H. N. Middleton, 
Esq., Dorchester; P. Thelluson, Esq., Doncaster ; 
Messrs. T. Southall, Worcester ; and Mr. John Grey, 
Stamford. Many of the above named exhibit in 
several of the classes, some of which we are unable to 
mention. The third class consists of collections of 
twelve varieties, and besides some of the exhibitors 
above named, the following have fine collections, 
namely, H. J. Atkinson, Esq. (gardener, Mr. J. 
Hudson), Gunnersbury House, Acton, who has the 
best samples of Golden Noble in the show ; Mr. W. H. 
Divers,KettonHall, Stamford;Mr. C. Warden, Clarendon 
Park, Salisbury, and Mr. R. Milner, Sundorne Castle 
Gardens, Shrewsbury. Classes are set apart for 
collections of Apples, grown on standards, cordons, or 
other specified ways, and for new Apples. In the 
miscellaneous class, a large collection of Apples and 
Pears is shown by Mr. M. Dunn, Dalkeith Palace, 
Midlothian. The specimens are of good average size 
for the climate of Scotland, but not highly coloured. 
A large collection is also shown by Messrs. Dickson 
& Co., 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, and smaller 
ones by Messrs. McDonald, Perth, and Messrs. W. 
Drummond & Sons, Stirling. 
Pears. 
Pears naturally excited less interest than the Apples, 
but there are, nevertheless, some grand collections 
containing wonderful samples of cultivation, notwith¬ 
standing the unfavourable nature of the season. They 
occupy a large and separate tent. The first class is 
made up of collections of thirty-six of the best and 
most deserving of cultivation. The exhibit of Messrs. 
T. Rivers & Son contains huge specimens of Pitmaston 
Duchess, General Todlehen, Marie Louise d’TJcele, 
Duchess d’Angouleme, and Doyenne Boussoch. Messrs. 
J. Yeitch & Sons have also grand dishes of Pitmaston 
Duchess, Doyenne Boussoch, Beurre Clairgeau, and 
Souvenir du Congres. Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons have 
similar samples to the above as well as Beurre Hardy, 
Belle de Bruxelles, Brockworth Park, and Doyenne 
du Comice. The leading sorts again appear in fine 
form in the collection of Messrs. John Peed & Sons, 
together with Doyenne de Merode, Beurre Bachelier, 
and Louise Bonne of Jersey. Messrs. Charles Lee & 
Son have fine dishes of Williams’ Bon Chretien, Catillac, 
Beurre Clairgeau, and Gansel’s Bergamot. The Messrs. 
Rothschild again come well to the front with Pears, 
showing grand dishes of Uvedale’s St. Germain, 
Duchess d’Angouleme, Souvenir du Congres, and 
Pitmaston Duchess. Uvedale’s St. Germain is well 
shown by Messrs. R. Yeitch & Son, Exeter, together 
with the beautifully-coloured Forelle and others 
of the large-growing kinds. Amongst other sorts 
very large specimens of Grosse Calebasse are 
shown by the Lady Florence Fletcher, Yalding (gar¬ 
dener, Mr. R. Smith). Noticeable in the exhibit of 
Messrs. William Paul & Son are fine samples of 
Doyenne Boussoch, Marie Louise d’Uccle, and Beurre 
d’Amanlis. Yery creditable and all-round good col¬ 
lections are also shown by Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & 
Co., Richard Smith & Co., Worcester ; Charles Turner, 
and W. G. Pragnell, Sherborne Castle, Dorset. 
A large number of exhibitors show in the class 
for twenty-four varieties of Pears, many of the collec¬ 
tions exhibiting very fine samples of all the most 
meritorious varieties in cultivation. The exhibitors 
are J. A. Rolls, Esq., The Duke of Newcastle, A. H. 
Smee, Esq., H. A. Brassey, Esq., W. E. Brymer, Esq., 
Sir R. Sutton, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Dicksons, 
Chester, J. Cheal & Sons, Lucombe, Pince & Co., Salt- 
marsh & Sons, J. H. Rose, and R. Parker, Impney, 
Droitwich. 
The class for twelve dessert Pears has also brought out 
a large number of good and interesting exhibits, and al¬ 
though thevariety is considerably limited, yet it is by no 
means limited to twelve sorts, but only shows what twelve 
sorts do best in particular localities. The exhibitors in 
this class are Viscount Eversley,Heckfield, H. J. Atkin¬ 
son, Esq., Earl Ducie, Earl Beauchamp, The Marquis of 
Abergavenny, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, whose gardens 
produce wonderful samples at an altitude of 400 ft. 
above sea-level, Peter Thellusson, Esq., The Messrs. 
Rothschild, Messrs. Paul & Sons, Cheshunt, T. 
Southall, South Bank, Worcester, Saltmarsh & Sons, 
C. Turner, W. H. Divers, S. Ford, T. Richardson, 
Barnes, and R. Milner. A few other exhibits are in 
the large tent, while a second but smaller tent is 
occupied with many of the smaller exhibits in other 
classes, as well as the Apples from Scotland. 
At the Conference on Wednesday, 
Dr. Hogg took the chair at 1.30 p.m., and called upon 
Mr. Geo. Bunyard to read his paper on “Apple Culture 
for Profit” (see below) ; then Mr. William Paul read a 
paper on “ Fruit Culture for Profit.” Mr. T. F. Rivers 
sent a telegram regretting his inability to be present to 
read his paper (which he also omitted to send). Mr. 
Wildsmith read a paper on the “ Fewest Varieties of 
Pears to keep up a supply from August to March,” 
and Mr. Shirley Hibberd read one on the “ Pruning of 
Apples and Pears.” The following gentlemen took 
part in the discussions that followed, namely, Messrs. 
J. Wright, Shirley Hibberd, A. Dean, C. Pearson, 
Geo. Bunyard, Geo. Cannon, William Paul, Rev. W. 
Wilks, W. Roupell, and others. Mr. Shirley Hibberd 
proposed a vote of thanks to the chairman ; and the 
Rev. W. Wilks proposed, and Mr. R. Dean seconded, 
a vote of thanks to the readers of papers. 
-- 
APPLES FOR PROFIT. 
By Mr. G. Bunyard. 
The commercial growth of Apples for the market is 
frequently entered upon in a wrong manner, because 
many start into the enterprise without sound informa¬ 
tion. They fight shy of the growers of trees, under the 
unfair notion that they would recommend those kinds 
of which they held a stock ; they then procure the 
“ tips ” from the salesmen in the various markets, who 
as far as they can, and in good faith, give them the 
names of the kinds that sell well, which fruits, so to 
speak, dispose of themselves by names or appearance. 
Many of the finest Apples produce but a small crop, or 
are so long in coming to a state of profitable production 
that a planter gets discouraged; others are recommended 
which are very slow growers or rarely make good 
orchard trees, and thus the land is not fully ut ilis ed. 
As the markets are supplied from a large area, the 
salesman has but a general idea of the suitability of 
the sorts suited to a district, and hence much valuable 
time is lost. In the short space at my disposal, I 
propose to give a few hints as to. the formation of a 
profitable Apple orchard, or plantation, where the 
return shall be speedy, and the outlook for half a 
century shall yet be promising a good result. The 
first operation is the procuring of suitable land. In a 
district where little fruit is grown, an idea can be 
gained from the growth of the few fruit trees in the 
cottage gardens, and perhaps the orchards near gentle¬ 
men’s seats. If the Apples show a kindly and clean 
growth, with an absence of lichens and canker, and if 
Elm trees flourish, it will be so far favourable. 
Exposure to prevailing winds is to be avoided either by 
shelter planting, or better still by taking advantage of 
existing woods or hedges, and a slope to the south or 
west is to be preferred, but in order to secure a per¬ 
manent orchard care must be taken to get deeply 
cultivated, or rich deep soil, or a few years of fertility 
will only be the precursor of decay and disappointment. 
Having settled on suitable land, the tenant or pur¬ 
chaser next proceeds to put the land in order for 
planting, either by steam cultivation or by thorough 
digging or trenching—the latter, though expensive at 
the start, is of permanent benefit. The ground should 
then be set out, and standard trees of the following, 
on the crab or tree stock, planted at 24 ft. apart; 75 
to an acre. 
Standard Apples for Warm Loamy Soils. 
1. —Desserts to pick and sell from the tree. 
August. September. 
Devonshire Quarrenden Lady Sudely 
Sugarloaf Pippin Yellow Ingestrie. 
2. —To store October to Christmas. 
King of Pippins Cox’s Orange 
Mabbott’s Pearmain Blenheim Orange. 
3. —Kitchen Apples to sell from the tree. August and 
September. 
Early Julien Lord Grosvenor 
Keswick Codlin Grenadier 
Lord Suffield Ecklinville. 
Duchess of Oldenburg 
4. —To store October to December. 
Warner’s King Golden Noble 
Schoolmaster Tower of Glainis 
Councillor Waltham Abbey Seedling. 
Lord Derby 
5. —To keep from January to May. 
Wellington Lady Henniker 
Winter Queening Bramley’s Seedling 
Norfolk Beaufin Annie Elizabeth. 
If the soil is cold but rich, omit Lord Suffield and add 
Ringer, and omit Cox’s Orange and King of Pippins. 
So far for the top crop, the intermediate space being 
utilised by placing three dwarf trees between each 
standard, others at 6 ft. apart, which less seventy-five 
for standards will be 1,135 per acre, until the whole 
ground is filled up. These dwarfs will produce the 
best fruit from trees on the Paradise or surface-rooting 
stock, and will consist of the following for gathering 
from the trees direct for market. 
Apples for lush or tree-pyramidal style to he grown 
on Paradise stocks. 
1. —Dessert kinds to sell from the tree. 
Early. 
Gladstone 
Red Juneating 
September. 
Colonel Vaughan 
2. —To store for sale. 
Cox’s Orange 
Cox’s Pomoma 
Peasgood’s Nonsuch 
September. 
Duchess Favourite 
Worcester Pearmain 
Duchess of Oldenberg 
Yellow Ingestrie. 
October to Christmas. 
Gascoyne’s Scarlet 
Beauty of Kent 
Beaumann’s Reinette. 
If the soil is cold omit Cox’s Orange and Worcester, 
and if very rich and good warm land add Adams’ and 
Hubberd’s Pearmains, Ross, Nonpareil, and Gipsy King. 
3. —Kitchen Apples of large size to sell from the tree. 
Lord Grosvenor The Queen 
Ecklinville Grenadier 
Manks’ Codlin Councillor 
Pott’s Seedling Loddington Seedling 
Stirling Castle Golden Spire. 
4. —Large and fine kitchen Apples to store. 
Lord Derby Lane’s Prince Albert 
Small’s Admirable Bismarck 
Histon Favourite Winter Peach 
Wurfitt’s Seedling Dutch Mignonne. 
In six years’ time the trees immediately beneath the 
standards can be removed to other land, and will, if 
removed with care in October or early in November, 
suffer little from removal, and in the second year will 
produce heavy crops. Until the 6-ft. trees cover the 
land, vegetables or soft fruits, such as Currants or 
Gooseberries, may he grown between the rows, or Lily 
of the Valley, or Daffodils; but if land be cheap, the 
