November 3, 1888. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
153 
same might be said of Dielytra spectabilis, Astilbe 
(Spiraea) japonica, and other roots now resting. Stand 
them under cover in some cool place, and see that they 
do not become dust dry. 'When required for forcing, 
they will give more satisfaction than if they had been 
potted up and put into the forcing pit immediately. 
Azaleas. —Now that fresh growth has been made 
since last year, it will be necessary to re-tie all pyramid¬ 
ally and other trained specimens. For exhibition 
this is necessary, as well as when used for conserva¬ 
tory and other decorative purposes. One advantage 
to be gained by the operation will be the smaller space 
occupied by the plants—a matter of serious consideration 
at this time of the year, when houses are crowded. 
Equalise the shoots in such a manner that the blooms, 
when expanded, will be as evenly distributed as pos¬ 
sible. This work can be done on wet days. 
THE FRUIT HOUSES. 
Yineeies. —The earliest house should now be closed 
preparatory to forcing. A temperature of from 45° to 
50° will be sufficient at night, and should there be a 
quantity of fermenting material in the house, this 
temperature may be maintained without the use of fire- 
heat. If the weather, however, be cold and frosty, it 
will be necessary to resort to artificial heat. Little 
syringing of the rods will be required if there is fer¬ 
menting material in the house, but in its absence the 
use of the syringe will have to be resorted to. The 
Muscat house should be kept at a temperature of from 
50° to 55°, just sufficient to maintain the atmosphere 
in a dry condition. Do not ventilate in front when 
the outside atmosphere is very cold, foggy or wet, but 
ventilation at the top must be given on all favourable 
occasions. When foggy or wet it is better to keep the 
temperature low than to necessitate ventilation. Care¬ 
fully look over all late kinds that are to be retained as 
long as possible, in order to remove decaying berries 
that would soon contaminate others and disfigure the 
bunches. While the leaves are falling, Hamburghs 
should be kept at a steady temperature of 50°, and after 
the rods are completely defoliated the bunches should 
be cut, bottled and placed in a suitable room, unless 
the vinery itself is specially adapted for the purpose. 
THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 
Fruit Trees.— The recent frosty weather has brought 
down the leaves of various fruit trees, making them in 
most cases quite bare. In the case of trees on walls, 
especially Peaches, Cherries and Pears, a broom may 
be used to assist the operation, by brushing lightly 
from the base towards the apex of the branches. By 
admitting air and light more freely the wood will get 
more properly ripened before the approach of winter. 
Pruning and nailing may be commenced directly where 
the leaves have dropped. Cherries are generally the 
most advanced. A much greater amount of wood is 
left on Morellos than on other kinds, the shoots being 
laid in at full length. In pruning, which is equivalent 
to thinning out the shoots where crowded, remove in 
the first place as much of the old wood as possible, and 
secondly that which has already borne fruit. Dead wood 
of course will have to be removed in any case. Leave 
the young shoots, in all cases where possible, that spring 
from near the base of the respective branches bearing 
them. The trunk and main branches when bare may 
be covered by running young shoots along them. 
Root Pruning. —Bush or pyramidal specimens of 
Apple and Pear trees, that require root pruning to 
repress their vegetative vigour and induce fruitfulness, 
may be lifted without further delay. Open a trench 
at 2 ft. or 3 ft. from the stem, according to the size of 
the tree, and remove the loose surface soil with a fork, 
so as to preserve the fibrous young roots intact. Strong 
running roots that may be encountered should be 
severed by a clean cut, or afterwards dressed with a 
sharp knife. Remove all roots that go straight down, 
and replant the trees in fresh soil if possible. 
-->X<-- 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 
Ledbury Autumn Fruit Show. 
October 25th. 
This was the first exhibition of the kind held in 
Ledbury, a pleasantly situated town in the centre of 
an extensive fruit-growing district, and being easy of 
access by rail, samples were sent from all parts, which, 
with the local contributions, made up such a display 
as is seldom seen in the provinces. The show was 
held in a tent some 200 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, 
erected in the grounds of M. Biddulph, Esq., M.P., 
and comprised some 2,500 dishes. The local exhibitors 
fought manfully against the formidable array of fruit 
sent by noted growers outside the county, and 
Herefordshire was able to hold her own. The first 
prize for twenty-four dessert Apples went to Kent, 
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co. being the exhibitors ; but 
in the corresponding class for culinary sorts Mr. 
J. Cranston beat the Maidstone firm with the same 
number of dessert Pears. Mr. Denning, Holme Lacey 
Gardens, beat Mr. Wildsmith, Heckfield, and Mr. 
Child, Croome Court Gardens. Mr. Child and Mr. 
Dawes, gardener to M. Biddulph, Esq., divided the 
honours for black Grapes, but Mr. Dawes was first with 
Muscats. A conference was held in the afternoon, 
at which three good papers were read.—( From a 
Correspondent.) 
Manchester Botanical and Horticultural. 
October 24 th. 
The exhibition of Apples and Pears which was opened 
on the above date in the Botanical Gardens, at Old 
Trafford, was a very fine one, notwithstanding that 
some leading growers who had entered failed to put in 
an appearance after trouble had been taken to provide 
the necessary accommodation for them. Mr. Findlay, 
like many another manager, has had his share of 
annoyances of this character, but in these days of 
cheap postage and sixpenny telegrams there is surely 
no excuse for such conduct, which a little consideration 
would easily obviate. The exhibition was held in the 
large Palm house, and was admirably arranged. 
There were many exhibitors from the southern 
counties, and their produce in most cases showed 
marked superiority over the northern grown samples. 
The medals offered by the society were awarded as 
follows :—Gold Medal for the best collection of Apples, 
Mr, John Watkins, Withington, Hereford ; large Silver 
Medal, Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, Sussex ; 
small Silver Medal, Messrs. J. Cranston & Co., Herefsrd. 
Best collection of Pears:—Gold Medal, Mr. A. J. 
Thomas, Sittingbourne ; large Silver Medal, Messrs. J. 
Cheal & Sons. In the open amateurs’ classes, Mr. 
Goodacre, Elvaston, had the best twenty-four dishes of 
Apples ; R. H. C. Neville, Esq , Wellington Hall, the 
best twelve dishes of dessert sorts, and the best six 
dishes of culinary varieties ; Mr. S. Barlow, Stakehill, 
Castleton, the best eighteen dishes ; and Mr. Lambert, 
Onslow Hall, Shrewsbury, the best four dessert varieties. 
In the Pear classes, Mr. James Butler, Sittingbourne, 
and Mr. Lambert, secured all the highest awards. 
With fruits grown within twenty miles of Manchester, 
Mr. A. Smith-Barry, M.P., Marbury Hall, Northwich, 
secured three out of seven first prizes, with finely grown 
samples ; the others going to Air. R. P. Gill, Woodheys 
Hall, Mr. McKellar, Abney Hall Gardens, Cheadle, and 
Mr. S. Lord, Oakleigh. The competition with Potatos, 
Tomatos and Celery was very good, and here Mr. Lambeit 
again well held his own. Very large collections of 
Potatos were also shown by Messrs. Dickson & Robinson, 
Manchester, Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, and 
Messrs. Dickson, Brown & Tait, of Manchester, the 
first-named firm securing the Gold Medal with some 
120 varieties. 
Large miscellaneous collections of Apples and Pears 
were also contributed by Messrs. James Yeitch & Sons, 
Chelsea, and Messrs. Dicksons, Limited, Chester. 
Next to the fruit, one of the most interesting features 
of the show was an exceptionally fine display of cut 
flowers of Gladioli, Dahlias, Stocks, Chrysanthemums, 
&c., grown in Mr. Barlow’s garden at Llandudno, and 
for which the exhibitor was awarded a Gold Medal. 
Devonshire Pomological. — October 25 th. 
The fourth annual Apple and Pear show promoted by 
this society was held on the above date in the Lower 
Market, Exeter, and on the whole brought together a 
capital lot of fruit, though not equal in quality or 
numbers to the display of two years ago. Messrs. G. 
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, with Kent-grown samples, 
secured the highest awards in the leading classes for 
Apples and Pears, as well as in several of the compe¬ 
titions for specially-named sorts ; and among the local 
growers, Mr. J. M. Miller, of Barnstaple ; Mr. Garland, 
Killerton ; Mr. D. C. Powell, Powderham Castle ; Mr. 
Blackmore, and Mr. C. G. Sclater secured a number of 
the best prizes. 
The local nurserymen, as represented by Messrs. 
Yeitch & Sons, Messrs. Lucombe, Pince & Co., and 
Messrs. Jarman & Co., of Chard, contributed fine col¬ 
lections of the leading varieties, and which added much 
to the interest of the exhibition. The President, Sir 
J. D. Ackland, Killerton, formally opened the show at 
one o’clock. 
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 
Araucaria. — Mrs. E. : The shoot you send us is that of 
Araucaria excelsa, the Norfolk Island Pine. It is really a green¬ 
house subject, and would certainly perish if left fully exposed. 
It is so nearly hardy, however, that it might live under the 
shelter of a verandah facing west as you say; but much would 
depend upon the severity of the winter, and the amount of 
frost. Should the winter prove mild the chances are that your 
plant would be safe. If too large to be accommodated in the 
greenhouse, another out-house possessing a certain amount of 
light might be obtained for it. Failing this, we would advise 
you to cover it well up with mats or something similar in severe 
weather, removing the protection when mild so that it may get 
the advantage of light. Also protect the pot or tub containing 
the roots from frost. 
Fungus on Roses. — N. H.: The leaves are covered with a 
sooty deposit, the combined result of aphides and a fungus, a 
species of Capnodium. The latter lives on the secretion of the 
aphides, the remains of which were abundant on the under 
side of the same leaf. You will soon get rid of both with the 
fall of the leaf, but if they make their appearance next year we 
advise you to take measures for their removal by washing or 
sponging the leaves. The worst of them might be removed, but 
you cannot well defoliate the bushes. The syringe orthe garden- 
engine might be brought to play rather forcibly on the bushes 
for the removal of the aphides, and in severe cases you might 
syringe first with tobacco-water to destroy the aphides, and 
afterwards keep the bushes clean by an occasional brisk syring¬ 
ing with clean water. 
Clematis Jackmanni.— Omega: If you desire flowers in the 
early part of summer cut back your plant to buds of the main 
stem, or merely shorten hack the shoots to a strong well-ripened 
bud. On the contrary, should you desire larger flowers, and a 
greater quantity of them, on vigorous shoots,then we advise you 
to cut the plant down to the ground, or nearly so, and mulch it 
well with stable manure. Strong vigorous shoots will be pro¬ 
duced in spring that will ultimately give the desired result. 
But you must be content to wait till late in summer or even till 
autumn for the bloom, according to the latitude of your locality, 
and whether warm and sheltered, or otherwise. 
Apple Trees Unfruitful. — R. L. M.: Judging from your 
description, your trees are developing too much young wood to 
be fruitful. Then at the autumn pruning you cut away the 
whole, or nearly so, of the young wood, when an equal or 
greater number of shoots is developed next spring. What you 
should do is to root-prune the trees, or what is better, lift them, 
if not too old, so that the long rambling roots may be severed as 
well as those which strike deeply into the subsoil. Make sure 
that the subsoil is sufficiently loosened up to prevent the reten¬ 
tion of superfluous moisture, replace part of the soil, and after 
putting in a layer of fresh turfy soil, replant the tree with the 
roots very little below the surface of the soil. Spread them out 
regularly, and after covering them up and using a quantity of 
fresh soil, mulch with good farmyard manure. This will induce 
the roots to feed near the surface instead of rambling into the 
subsoil, and the trees will be more inclined to form fruit spurs. 
Stake all newly planted trees. 
Names of Plants. - J. M. P. : 1, we do not recognise the 
Apple—at least, from the specimen sent; 2, Euphorbia 
cyparissias ; 3, Sedum reflexum. Omega: Achillea decolorans, 
the Staining Milfoil, in allusion to the white being stained with 
yellow. H. J.: 1, Cotoneaster microphylla thymifolia; 2, 
Colletia spinosa; 3, Pinus puinilio ; 4, Thuja occidentals ; 5, 
Viburnum opulifolium. J. C. L.: Lailia Perrinii ; 2, CypriSlium 
longTolium; 3, Epidendrum BrassavoUe; 4, Mdtonia Clowesii. 
B. D. Knox: The rose-coloured Orchid is Rodriguezia secunda. 
The Oncidium next week. 
Names of Fruits — W. C. : 1, Beurre Bachelier; 2, Catillac ; 
3, Knight’s Monarch. J. IF. ; 1, New Hawthornden ; 2, Duine- 
low’s Seedling. Pears : 1, White Doyenne; 2, not recognised. 
O. P.: 6, Black Pear of Worcester; 7, Mauks’ Codlin ; S, not 
known. J. T. B : The labels being loose, and well shaken up, 
we cannot put them to the fruits as sent. The large green 
Apple is Hambledon Deux Ans, and the smaller yellow one, 
Small’s Admirable. The large Pear now ripe is Beurre d’Aman- 
lis; the long green one, Van Mons. Leon Leclere ; one of the 
round ones is Knight's Monarch, and the other Olivier de Serres. 
Communications Received. —W. E. B.—W. W.—J. Cliff— 
G. F.—J. B.—W. S—J. T.—J. W. O. 
-- 
TEADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
W. & J. Birkenhead, Sale, Manchester.—Special Autumn List 
of Ferns and Selaginellas. 
James Cocker & Sons, Aberdeen.—Roses, Fruit, Forest and 
Ornamental Tree*, Herbaceous Plants, &c. 
Henry Bennett, Shepperton, Middlesex. — Pedigree and 
Seedling Polyantha Roses. 
W. Drummond & Sons, Stirling and Dublin.—Forest, Orna¬ 
mental and Fruit Trees, &c. 
Dicksons (Limited), Chester. — Select Roses and Hardy 
Florists’ Flowers. 
-->X<-- 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. 
October 31st. 
Fruit.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
s.d. s.d. 
Apples, 4-sieve. 2 0 4 6 
Cobs .. per 100 lbs. 100 0 
Grapes .per lb. 0 S 2 6 
Melons. 1 0 2 01 
Pine-apples, St. s.d. 
Michaels, each .... 20 
Pine-apples, Eng., lb. 1 6 
Plums, j-sieve . 2 6 
Peaches..perdoz 2 0 
s.d. 
7 0 
2 0 
4 0 
8 0 
Artichokes, Globe,doz. 3 0 
Beans, French, per lh. 1 6 
Beet, per dozen. 2 0 3 0 
Cabbages_per doz. 1 6 
Carrots ... .per bunch 0 6 
Cauliflowers, English, 
per dozen . 30 40 
Celery, per bundle ..20 
Cucumbers, each .... 0 6 0 9 
Endive, French, doz. 2 6 3 6 
Herbs, per hunch.... 0 2 0 4 
Retail Prices. 
s.d. s.d. 
Horse Radish, bundle 3 0 5 0 
Lettuces .. per dozen 2 0 3 0 
Mushrooms, p. basket 10 13 
Onions, per bushel .. 7 0 9 0 
Parsley, per hunch ..06 
j Radishes, per dozen.. 1 6 
■ Small salading, punnet 0 4 
Spinach, per strike ..20 
, Tomatos, per lb.10 13 
Turnips, per bun. 0 6 
Potatos.- Kent Regents, 80s. to 100s. per ton; Kent Kidneys. 
80s. to 100s. per ton ; Champions, 70s. per ton. 
V egetables.—Average 
s.d. s.d. 
6 0 
