December 15, 1888. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
241 
supposed to be a very old variety. The earliest record 
I can find of Devonshire Quarrenden is in The Com- 
pleat Planter and Cyderist, published in 1690. In 
1693 it is mentioned by Ray ; and, except by Mortimer, 
it is not noticed by any subsequent writer till within a 
very recent period. It seems to have been unknown 
to Switzer, Langley and Miller ; nor do I find that it 
was grown in any London nurseries before the beginning 
of the present century. The only early catalogue in 
which I find it is that of Miller & Sweet, of Bristol, 
in 1790.” We should be glad if “ S.” would draw on 
his memory a little further, and, if possible, give us 
some dates and other particulars that will help us to 
fix the authorship of the name “ Quarantine,” which, 
so far as we know, is a dealer’s name only, and is not 
to be found in works on Pomology.—E d.] 
Duchess of Oldenburgh Apple. 
While we have no objection to Apples of Russian 
origin, we still dislike Russian names, which to an 
Englishman are difficult to pronounce and often as 
difficult to spell. In this instance, however, the 
Russian synonyms are not so difficult as they might 
be, and these are two of them—namely, Borowitsky 
and Charlamowiski. The fruit as grown in this country 
is certainly very handsome, and variable as to shape, 
being sometimes round or rather flattened, and strongly 
angular at the sides, or again sub-conical or oblong, 
without any ribs on the sides, although the cavity 
round the eye is generally more or less shallowly 
ribbed or wrinkled. The skin is greenish yellow, 
changing to yellow, and splashed on the sunny side 
with broken patches of red, or sometimes of an almost 
uniform brilliant red or crimson. The flesh is yellow, 
crisp, juicy, and agreeable to the palate, on which 
account it may be used either for culinary or dessert 
purposes. It ripens in August, and is said to keep in 
season till the end of September ; but it will remain 
fresh under favourable conditions up to the end of the 
year. It loses, however, greatly in flavour after that 
leDgth of time. 
Rosemary Russet Apple. 
In size and general appearance this may be compared 
to Cox’s Orange, although abundantly distinct in every 
way. It is described as a valuable dessert Apple of 
the very first quality, and so it is ; but there are 
several Apples that come under this category, and 
although it would certainly be described by those who 
consider themselves experts in the matter as inferior to 
Cox’s Orange, yet it is saying a deal for it when we 
compare it to the latter variety in many respects. The 
fruit is of medium size, or rather below it, ovate in 
outline, and gradually tapering from a broad base 
towards the eye. The skin is greenish yellow, and 
flushed with a paler red on the exposed side than is 
Cox’s Orange ; but as far as neatness and regularity of 
outline are concerned it is a pretty Apple, and quite 
equal in that respect to Cox’s Orange when grown 
under the same conditions. The flesh is firm, yellowish, 
sweet, crisp, and of a rich and agreeably aromatic 
flavour. That it is less seldom grown than it ought to 
be is evidenced from the fact that only eighteen dishes 
of it appeared at the National Apple Congress, held at 
Chiswick, in 1883, while of Cox’s Orange there were 
123 dishes. Only one dish was certificated at the 
recent Apple and Pear Conference held there. It is in 
season from December to February. 
—-- 
CHRYSANTHEMUM NOTES. 
Propagating: Heat versus Cold. 
When doctors disagree, who shall decide ? The trite¬ 
ness of this old adage was never more forcibly 
illustrated than by the practice of our two champion 
growers, Mr. Tunnington and Mr. Molyneux, in the 
matter of striking Chrysanthemum cuttings. We owe 
a debt of gratitude to both of them for giving to the 
gardening world such valuable cultural details as 
appear in the papers read at Sheffield. Yet they dis¬ 
agree on this one point, and both are successful in 
their own way. Mr. Molyneux in Chrysanthemums 
and their Culture, p. 6, states that the application of 
bottom-heat to the cuttings is quite a mistake, while 
Mr. Tunnington in his “Chat” at Sheffield, told us 
that he preferred a slight amount of bottom-heat, and 
in my humble opinion that is the most rational 
practice. When a cutting is severed from the plant 
it is unnatural to expect it to right itself, when 
deprived of that transmission of sap which was forced 
into it by the agency of the roots, and a slight bottom 
heat should, therefore, be kept up to aid in th e 
absorption of moisture, thereby preventing flagging. 
The severed cutting when inserted in the soil responds 
at once, and commences to absorb and maintain itself 
without flagging according to the degree of heat or 
cold. Some growers may not be particular about 
Pyramidal Apple Tree on the Paradise 
Stock. 
flagging, but it is nature’s cry denoting unfair treat¬ 
ment, which may be brought about either by cold soil 
or too much evaporation from leaf-surface. 
But what are we to understand by cool treatment ? 
My impression is that it is simply a balance between 
the two extremes of heat and cold in soil and atmo¬ 
sphere alike, giving only sufficient of that impetus or 
strength to the newly-inserted cutting to keep itself 
alive, neither roots nor top making much headway. If 
the temperature is too low, damp claims its victims ; if 
too high, a spindly growth ensues. Yet, for the inex¬ 
perienced, the cutting is safe, even if the error be on 
the side of keeping it too warm. It may be claimed 
that cool treatment—although I do not recognise the 
word cool—imparts vigour to the stem, but the stem is 
not yet a plant; sturdiness cannot be imparted without 
roots to feed it. We must have roots first, then growth 
will follow, and as soon as a slight freshness or growth 
is discernible, the object is accomplished, and the 
cuttings become living'plants, ready to undergo cooler 
treatment. 
As before said, it is the neglect that follows in 
coddling after they are struck that most concerns us. 
We ought to lay as little stress as possible on whether 
they are struck in heat or not. The all-important 
factor lies in the words, “As soon as struck (which may 
be either in ten days or as many weeks, according to the 
temperature to which they are subjected) transfer them 
to a cooler place.” Now, here again Mr. Tunnington 
applies the remedial measures according to the consti¬ 
tution of the cutting. Mr. Molyneux also attaches 
great importance to sturdy cuttings, and it is, perhaps, 
in this he succeeds so well with his treatment, as well 
as in being experienced, and not neglectful of his 
favourites.— Chlorophyll. 
The Best Amateurs’ White Chrysanthemum. 
Mr. Herbert, of Hammersmith, at p. 225, says that he 
had a white incurved variety named Mrs. Huffington, 
all the cuttings of which that he put in sported into a 
violet-rose coloured variety without the white. This 
seems to be a very curious proceeding, and I would 
suggest that your correspondent should examine his 
conscience and see if he cannot find some reason to 
think that he has been mistaken. However, apart 
from that I will answer his question by saying that 
Mr. Cannell sent me about seven years ago a veritable 
“Little Beauty,” under that name. I planted it 
against a south wall, and I can guarantee that for 
freedom of blooming, perfection of flower (incurved), 
and hardiness of constitution it is faultless. In colour 
it resembles Webb’s Beauty (N. C. S. Catalogue), but 
the flower is never large, though a tall robust grower. 
I can let Mr. Herbert have euttings if he finds it 
difficult to obtain. Two Japanese varieties that might 
suit him are Beaute de Toulouse and Beaute Parfaite, 
but neither are so free-flowering. — IF. J. Murphy, 
Western Iload, Clonmel. 
National Chrysanthemum Society. 
The Floral Committee of this society met at the Royal 
Aquarium on Wednesday, the 5th inst., Mr. Sanderson 
occupying the chair. A good show of Chrysanthemums 
were staged for the consideration of the committee, 
and three of these were awarded Certificates—viz., 
Etoile de Lyon. —An enormous flower, rose-violet, 
shading to silver at the margin of the petals. Shown 
by Messrs. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, and also by 
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, of Forest Hill. Mrs. W. K. 
Harris. —An American variety, blush, with a fine 
twisted petal ; a very full flower. Shown by Mr. 
Beckett, of Elstree, who also exhibited fine blooms of 
Charlie Sharman and Pelican. Ccesar. —An Anemone 
flower, with mauve guard petals and a yellowish centre ; 
not large, but of good shape. Shown by Mr. Elliott, of 
Jersey. 
-->IY<-- 
DWARF APPLE AND PEAR 
TREES. 
Amateurs are frequently deterred from planting fruit 
trees, both on account of the size they attain and the 
time it takes them to come into bearing. The great 
objection to them in small gardens is that a few of 
them occupy the whole area to the exclusion of flowers, 
which they almost invariably place in the first rank of 
what they wish to cultivate. Another objection is that 
large trees prevent the possibility of obtaining much 
variety. This difficulty can be obviated by obtaining 
Apple trees grafted on the Paradise stock, and Pear 
trees on the Quince. In illustration of this, we give a 
figure of an Apple tree grown in the pyramidal form, 
and another in the bush form. A third figure 
represents a Pear tree grown as a small pyramid on the 
Quince. The stocks we have mentioned have a 
dwarfing effect, repressing the natural vigour of 
the trees, and throwing them into a fruitful con¬ 
dition the second or third summer after they have 
been grafted; and by a judicious pruning back of 
the yearly shoots, or by thinning them out where 
necessary to prevent crowding, they may be retained 
in a small state for many years, bearing large fruits 
of first-class quality. The trees may be planted 4 ft. 
to 6 ft. apart according to their size, and transplanted 
when necessary. 
