706 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
July 6, 1889. 
The Kev. F. R. Burnside, Birch Vicarage, Hereford, 
Messrs. J. Cranston & Co. and Messrs. J. Burrell & Co. 
also exhibited here. Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. 
and Mr. Geo. Prince were awarded Silver Banksian 
Medals in the class for twelve varieties. 
Other exhibits were shown by Mr. F. Cant and by 
Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, Sussex. Collections 
of Teas and Noisettes in bunches were shown by Messrs. 
Paul & Son, Mr. Geo. Prince, and by Messrs. G. 
Bunyard & Co. The Polyantha Roses and hybrids of 
them were shown in fine form by Messrs. Wm. Paul & 
Son, and by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co. These 
miniature Roses are produced in large trusses, and are 
so charming for garden decoration that they ought to 
be more largely grown. Very choice are Perle d’Or, 
Gloire de Polyantha (rose-pink), Pacquerette (white), 
and Mignonne (blush - pink). The collections of 
Chinas were not very extensive, but were represented 
by the crimson, purple, blush, and green (viridiflora) 
varieties. Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co. and Messrs. 
M illiam Paul & Son were the exhibitors. Five 
collections of species were shown, foremost amongst 
which were fifty-four species from the Royal Gardens, 
Kew, also fine lots from Mr. R. J. Lynch, Cambridge ; 
and T. TV. Girdlestone, Esq., to whom a Silver Banksran 
Medal was awarded ; and from Messrs. Paul & Son. 
In the miscellaneous class were H. P. seedlings and 
others, shown by Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son ; H.P.’s by 
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. ; Teas by Mr. Geo. 
Prince ; various garden Roses by Messrs. J. Cranston 
<k Co. ; Cheal’s patent flower-stand, arranged with 
flowers, by Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons ; and a bouquet of 
TV . Allan Richardson Rose by Messrs. H. Drover & 
Son, Ventnor, Isle of Wight. Mr. W. Gordon, 
Twickenham, showed a stand of Japanese Irises ; 
coloured plates of Roses came from the Royal Gardens, 
Kew ; and Messrs. Byrne, Richmond, showed photo¬ 
graphs of Roses. 
The Conference. 
The Conference commenced at two o’clock on Tuesday 
in a large tent on the lawn. The Very Rev. The Dean 
of Rochester (S. Reynolds Hole) presided, and it is 
greatly to be regretted that there were not more 
persons present to hear his interesting opening address, 
for he had a very limited audience, and perhaps the 
most unsympathetic one he has ever addressed when 
Roses or gardening have been the subject of his remarks. 
On this occasion the Dean told us how he became 
converted ” to Rose culture some forty-five years ago, 
and gave some interesting reminiscences of the first 
National Rose Show, held in St. James’ Hall, of the 
organisers of which there are now only two left— 
himself and Mr. William Paul. The first paper read 
was one in which the Rev. A. Foster-Melliar dealt in a 
sound practical manner with the subject of Rose 
pruning. Mr. Edward Mawley followed with a paper 
on stocks for Roses, confining his remarks to his own 
experience at Addiscombe and Berkhamstead with 
the Manetti, the seedling Briar, the Briar cutting, and 
the standard Briar, all of which appeared to do equally 
well with him. Dr. Masters gave the substance of a 
paper by M. V iviand-Morel on Rosa polyantha as a 
stock, from which it appeared that M. Alegatiere, of 
Lyons, ascertained that the seeds of this species 
germinate within a month without being stratified, so 
that they can be budded in the first year. Various 
confirmatory statements by different experimenters 
were given ; amongst others, some by M. Bernaix, 
who advocated the budding of Roses on seedling 
Polyantha stocks as specially suitable for pot Roses” 
and Roses intended for forcing. Such plants came 
into growth and flower ten to fifteen days earlier than 
those budded on the Briar, and did not throw up 
suckers. The stock was as well suited for Teas as for 
H.P.’s. M. Yiviand-Morel himself repeated these 
experiments with the same results. A comparative 
trial of Roses for forcing—budded on the seedling 
Polyantha and on the seedling Briar respectively, and 
in which the conditions were identical, gave the 
following results :—Roses budded on the Polyantha 
stock gave twice the number of flowers that the same 
variety produced on the Briar, and, further, they were 
a fortnight earlier. 
Mr. William Paul followed with a paper on the 
Grouping of Garden Varieties of the Rose ; and Mr. 
George Paul with some observations on Roses since 
1860 ; after which a vote of thanks to the chairman- 
proposed by Mr. T. B. Hall, Rockferry, and seconded 
by a Rose-grower from South Africa—brought the 
proceedings to a close. 
On TVednesday Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., Kew, took 
the chair, and in his opening address, said that a great 
impetus was given to Rose-growing on the introduction 
of R. Indica from the Himalayas in 1789, and that all 
true H.P. Roses were descended from that and the 
European R. gallica; in fact, about three-fourths of our 
garden Roses had been derived from those two parents. 
For R. gigantea, another Indian species, he predicted a 
grand future, if gardeners would take it up as they 
should do. With regard to the European species of 
Roses, he said that some authors reckoned there were 
about 405 species, but in doing so they far exceeded 
the real number, as all the known Roses could be 
reduced to 30 or a little more good species. Roses were 
natives of the whole of the north temperate zone, and 
those within the tropics all inhabited mountains at 
high elevations. None were found in the south 
temperate zone—in any country. There were five 
distinct Rose regions, inhabited by the different 
types. The genus Rosa was one of the most distinctly 
characterised of the whole vegetable kingdom. He 
then went on to speak of the varying characters of the 
spines, stipules, leaves, and flowers, as to their com¬ 
parative value in distinguishing and classifying species. 
Roses descended from R. gallica had compound sepals, 
while [those [from R. indica had nearly entire sepals. 
Mr. D. T. Fish, Mr.'G. Paul, Dr. Masters, and the 
Rev. S. Henslow took part in the discussion. 
Dr. Masters introduced Lord Penzance’s gardener, 
who read a paper on the hybridisation of Roses. Sir 
Dietrich Brandis spoke about climbing Roses that had 
been utilised in Germany for improvement by 
gardeners. He spoke also of Alpine, Pyrennean, and 
Indian Roses. Messrs. G. Nicholson, J. G. Baker, D. 
Morris, and J. Fraser also discussed several points 
relating to the last paper. 
Mr. J. G. Baker gave the leading points of the new 
classification of Roses by Professor Crepin, Director of 
the State Botanic Garden at Brussels. Dr. Masters 
then discussed several points taken from his paper on 
“Rose Construction, Normal and Abnormal.” Sir 
Dietrich Brandis proposed, and Sir Alex. Arbuthnot 
seconded a vote of thanks to Mr. Baker for presiding, 
and a vote of thanks was also accorded to Dr. Masters. 
On Tuesday evening some sixty gentlemen dined 
together at the Hotel Metropole, Sir Trevor Lawrence, 
Bart., M.P., presiding. 
-->X«-- 
ENEMIES OF THE APPLE 
AND PEAR. 
Both animal and vegetable enemies are numerous, but 
the former probably outnumber the latter considerably. 
They range from the minute gall mites, about one 
hundredth of an inch in length, up to birds, hares, 
rabbits, and cattle. Vegetable enemies are, however, 
none the less destructive sometimes, and certain kinds 
are very difficult to exterminate on account of their 
microscopic smallness, and more especially when hypo- 
dermal, that is, living beneath the epidermis of the 
host plant. 
All diseases are attributable to some cause or other, 
even if it is difficult to detect what that may be. 
Science may yet determine the true cause of canker, 
even if it fail to suggest a cure. That canker is some¬ 
thing of the nature of a parasite, we have evidence in 
its spreading and attacking previously uninjured tissue. 
Decay itself is brought about by the action of living 
organisms on matter that is already dead, and effects 
the changes that crumble organic substances into dust. 
There is some truth in the statement that cold and 
undrained soil, severe pruning, extreme variations of 
temperature, late growth, and unripened wood, give rise 
to canker, just as bad treatment will undermine the 
constitution of a human being, and prepare the way for 
disease. The real enemy does but take advantage of the 
weakened state of the victim. 
Animals. 
Numerous as these are they may be roughly divided 
into a few groups, such as insects, birds, and other 
animals. Kaltenbach, a German entomologist, says 
that 183 species of insects prey upon the Apple, of 
which 115 are lepidoptene, 32 beetles, 20 aphides, and 
16 others belonging to different families. Of these I 
will mention a few of the more important or destructive, 
with the view of directing attention to the fact that 
their successful destruction can only be effected by 
proceeding against them by intelligent and scientific 
methods. Haphazard raids are mostly useless and 
attended by failure, while passive and indolent 
indifference is but too plainly evident in many 
a neglected old garden or orchard. Scientific research 
is frequently sneered at by the practical man, but 
until the habits and life histories of some particular 
foes are thoroughly investigated there can be no 
intelligent or effectual attack made upon them. 
The Apple grub (Carpocapsa pomonana) is the larva 
of a small moth which lays its eggs in the calyx of the 
young and growing Apple in the month of June or 
July, according to the season. The larva when 
hatched is white with a black head and neck, and four 
rows of black spots. It gnaws its way down the fruit, 
keeping clear of the core till it reaches the rind, which 
is pierced to permit the escape of its excreta. TVhen 
nearly full grown, it sometimes pierces the core and 
feeds upon the pips, generally causing a great number 
of the fruits to fall prematurely. Soon after this it 
leaves the fruit, and finding a secure retreat in crevices 
of the bark or other hiding-place, commences to spin 
itself a cocoon, and after resting a time becomes 
transformed into a chrysalis state, which it retains till 
spring. Soon after completing their development, the 
moths pair, and egg-laying commences as formerly. 
The grubs may be trapped in great numbers by 
tying bands of hay or straw round the trunks of the 
trees, so as to afford the grubs a place of shelter in 
which to form their cocoon. Collect the bands in 
autumn and burn them. All fallen Apples should be 
assiduously collected and given to pigs or destroyed. 
The codlin grub trap is a special structure, consisting 
of several boards of a convenient length fastened 
in the middle, and the respective pieces kept apart by 
means of thin laths. The grubs readily take to this, 
and from 400 to 800 traps can be examined bv a man 
per day, and the grubs collected in a vessel. 
The American Blight is the work of Schizoneura 
lanigera, an insect closely allied to the aphis or green¬ 
fly of gardens, but differing in the absence of the 
“honey-dew ” secreting glands possessed by the latter. 
TVhen plentiful it proves very destructive, causing 
swellings of the external tissues resembling cankerous 
wounds. The insects take up their abode in the 
crevices of the bark, from which they are difficult to 
eradicate. Soft soap, Gishurst Compound, or, better 
still, petroleum, will effect a cure if rubbed into the 
crevices of the bark every time the insects make their 
appearance during the course of the season. Petro¬ 
leum is the most effectual, and should be applied by 
means of a hard brush, such as is used by painters. 
The insect hibernates in the soil during winter if the 
trunk of the tree does not afford sufficient accommoda¬ 
tion, and it may be destroyed by the application of 
quicklime a little beneath the surface. The Apple 
blossom TVeevil (Anthonomus pomorum) is a beetle, 
the female of which lays her eggs in the bloom buds of 
both Apple and Pear trees, and the grub, when 
hatched, eats the stamens and pistil, rendering them 
completely useless. Egg-laying lasts two or three 
weeks, during which time great numbers of the weevil 
may be caught by shaking the tree, beneath which a 
white cloth has been spread, as they drop down on 
being alarmed. The weevil attains perfect develop¬ 
ment in a month’s time from laying of the egg, and 
feeds on the foliage during the rest of summer. It 
hibernates in the same way as the American blight, 
and similar methods for its destruction may be 
employed. Bands of tarred cloth may also be put 
round the trunk of the trees affected to intercept and 
catch the females on their way from the ground to the 
trees, as they seldom fly. 
The Apple Mussel Scale (Aspidiotus conchiformis) is 
allied to the true scale, and attacks the bark of Apple 
and Pear trees alike, affecting them in a similar way to 
that of the American Blight. The eggs are never laid, 
but hatched in the body of the mother, when she dies. 
The latter is wingless, while the male is minute and 
winged. If the scale is numerous the tree becomes 
unhealthy and unfruitful. The scale is brown, and in 
shape like the half of a mussel shell. Scrub the branches 
with a hard brash just kept moist with petroleum, and 
persevere for two, three, or more seasons, as the scale 
is difficult to eradicate when once it obtains a footing. 
Gall Mites (Phytopus Pyri)are small acari about one- 
hundredth of an inch long by one five-hundredth of an 
inch broad, that produce blisters on Pear leaves. The 
tissues of the leaves are torn asunder, forming large 
cavities, the cells often forming strings holding on by 
their ends. There is a small opening on the under 
surface for the egress or ingress of the mites. My 
specimens of blistered leaves are from Kelso, the first 
record of gall mites in Scotland. I received them in 
August last. The mites hibernate in the buds of the 
tree in winter, and are most difficult of extermination. 
Collect all affected leaves in spring when the mites are 
still in them and burn them. TVhen once badly 
affected the trees continue so from year to year, and 
unless they are valuable kinds should be grubbed up 
