July 20, 1889. THE GARDENING WORLD. 739 
the liquid state, by the refrigerator of the still, the oil 
separates and is easily collected. 
Maceration (or infusion, as it might properly be 
called) and absorption are the methods by "which the 
pomades and scented oils of commerce are generally 
obtained from the great bulk of perfume flowei’s. The 
same grease or fat oil is used in both processes. In 
the first, the grease is. heated in a water bath together 
with the parts of the plant that afford the scent; in 
the second, artificial heat is not a factor, the fragrance 
being obtained by the lapse of time and action of the 
atmosphere, and as this is the method best adapted to 
the work as a household industry, I will explain it at 
more length. 
A square frame of wood, 2 ins. or 3 ins. deep, is set 
with a pane of strong glass resting on its inside ledges. 
On either side of the glass is spread a thin even layer of 
grease, made from two-parts of lard and one of tallow. 
This should first be pounded in a mortar until the 
membranes are completely torn, then boiled, skimmed, 
and strained through canvas. The frames must be 
prepared and ready before the season of flower gathering 
begins. As soon as the flowers are gathered, the petals 
are picked off and spread upon the grease ; the frames 
are then piled so as to rest upon their wooden edges, 
which must fit closely together, so as to form a series of 
air-tight chambers, the floors and ceilings of which are 
the grease, exposed to the perfume of the flowers 
within. As the fragrance is absorbed, the flowers are 
removed (usually each day) and fresh ones supplied. 
This is continued for several weeks (according to the 
desired strength of the pomade), until it is sufficiently 
rich in perfume. It is then removed from the glass 
with a thin spatula, packed in tin cans and sealed, and 
is then ready for the perfumer. The making of pomades 
is practicable where other methods would not be. The 
frames are easily made, and are inexpensive. In pre¬ 
paring the grease, purity of material, carefulness, and 
cleanliness are the requisites. In handling the frames 
they must not be allowed to come in contact with any¬ 
thing odorous, by which the grease would become 
contaminated. After the flowers are all in, the frames 
must be air-tight, that the proper odours may be kept 
in and all others out. 
The above operations cover the handling of the 
flower product in its passage from the field to the 
laboratory of the perfumer, and are not properly in¬ 
cluded in the work of the latter, although some 
perfumers grow their own flowers largely, while others 
purchase them fresh from the growers each day ; but 
if the flower farmer desires to obtain the maximum 
profit himself, he will prepare the. pomade himself as 
well as grow the flowers .—James K. Reeves, in The 
American Garden. 
- -5 - 
FRUIT CULTURE IN JERSEY. 
By Charles B. Saunders.* 
Jersey being the most southerly of the group of 
islands in the Bay of St. Michael’s, and the slope of 
the land being from north to south-west, enjoys a very 
favourable climate, the general moisture, owing to its 
position, and the saline air, which almost always will be 
felt blowing over its surface, rendering it peculiarly 
adapted to the growth of Pears. The soil is a good 
loam, upon a substratum of clay retentive of moisture, 
which suits the quince stock, upon which most of the 
Pear trees are budded or grafted. There are localities 
along the coasts where the soil is much mixed with 
sand, owing to the continuous drift in stormy weather, 
whilst some parts of the western side of the 
island are so much exposed to the Atlantic Ocean as to 
be entirely unfit for fruit culture, and scarcely worth 
cultivating, the cereals and root crops growing upon 
them being very often subject to serious injury from 
the force of the westerly gales.' Now it is easy to 
understand why the most protected and best sheltered 
situations are selected for the growth of the finest and 
best kinds of fruit. Apples are grown on the higher 
and drier parts of the island, where the land is 
stiff enough and the drainage good, hence the orchards, 
where the more ordinary kinds are grown for the 
manufacture of cider and general consumption, are 
generally surrounded by hedgerows from 5 ft. to 8 ft. 
high, and planted with Elm and other descriptions of 
forest trees. The Apple trees in these orchards are 
generally grafted 6 ft. from the ground, and have 
spreading circular heads, which are perfectly beautiful 
when in bloom. Very many of us can recollect when 
the Weigelias of sorts were first introduced that their 
great recommendation was that they were as “beautiful 
* From a paper read at the Chiswick Apple and Pear Conference. 
as Apple blossoms.” Were not Apple blossoms 
beautiful before then ? 
These orchard trees, which make such a beautiful 
display of flowers and produce in favourable seasons 
such an abundance of fruit, are much neglected, and 
allowed to grow in a confused mass of branches. To 
scientific horticulturists it seems a pity that, where 
nature does so much, man should do so little in the 
way of pruning, so as to give the trees a more regular 
form and better appearance. You will, I think, 
agree with me that judicious pruning — i.e., re¬ 
moving weak and superfluous branches, would have 
the good effects of improved appearance, more healthy 
growth, and finer fruit. The general character of the 
growth is so vigorous as to render it unnecessary to 
prune the extremities of the shoots, except for the sake 
of shaping the trees and balancing the heads, but 
“ thinning out ” is the style of pruning requisite. 
The finer descriptions of Apple fruit are grown in 
gardens sometimes against the walls, on espaliers, or on 
the long cordon system. The dwarf cordon is not 
much practised, nor is it desirable, inasmuch as the 
growth, in spite of the Paradise stock upon which the 
trees are usually worked, becomes so strong that it 
requires constant cutting back to keep it within the 
desired limits, and this constant repression of growth 
is not conducive to fructification. 
The finest Ribston Pippin Apples are grown upon 
south walls in sheltered gardens, trained upon the fan 
system, the strong radiative shoots being selected to 
form the frame of the trees, and the lateral and weaker 
branches being pinched and pruned off, so as to get 
fruit spurs to form. It is an excellent system, barring 
the disadvantage of the early maturity of the fruit. 
Yery few other sorts are thought worthy of wall 
culture. The dwarf bush, the open standards, and the 
rider or tall standard trees are all acceptable forms of 
garden trees where the space is sufficient ; and such 
varieties as Early Stibberd, Red Astnchan, Lord 
Suffield, Hawthornden, Red Quarrenden, Hooper’s 
Seedling, Downton King, Golden and Walton Pippins, 
Grand Alexander, Cox’s Pomona and Orange Pippin, 
Court of Wick Pippin, English and Dutch Codlins, &c., 
are grown freely on Paradise as well as other stock, 
and take up but little space. It is not unusual to see 
crops of fruit considerably above the weight of the 
trees producing them. Planting Paradise stock Apple 
trees in rows 6 ft. apart, and the trees at 3 ft. apart in 
the rows, suggests a system of culture which might be 
made remunerative, and were it not for the constant 
changing of tenants from one piece of land to another, 
might be advantageously practised. It is not so here ; 
most of the fine fruit is produced on accidental trees, 
either found in gardens on taking possession, or planted 
by incoming tenants. Taking into consideration the 
time necessary to get a stock of trees into a good 
bearing state, few tenants would care to adopt any 
system of planting or training from which they would 
not derive some immediate advantage. 
The cultivation of the Pear has been so very 
remunerative for years past, that it has been made a 
subject of more general study and system. Many of 
the old gardens, established more than half a century 
or more ago, offer evidence of the walks having palisades 
on both sides, for the purpose of training Pear trees 
upon them, and in some cases the palisading has been 
double, so as to admit of trees being trained on both 
sides, 1 ft. or less being the intervening space between 
the rows of palisades. Trees planted in this way are 
generally productive ; the main lateral branches being 
trained and supported horizontally, a regular and 
continuous supply of sap is provided during the growing 
season for the development of the fruit. This system 
has and does answer well, and as long as the trees 
continue healthy, they bear good crops of fruit, the size 
of which much depends upon the amount of thinning 
practised. Against walls, both horizontal, fan, and 
cordon styles of training are practised, all of which 
answer well in the hands of careful attendants. Dwarf 
bush and pyramidal trees are also grown, many acres of 
ground being devotedto the cultivation of the celebrated 
Chaumontel Pear. The great number of excellent 
varieties grown, and their exquisite though varied 
flavours, make the Pear a fruit of general acceptance, 
though few varieties are much grown. Citron des 
Carmes, Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chretien, Louis 
Bonne, Marechal de Cour, Beurre d’Amanlis, Beurre 
Diel, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Doyenne du Comice, 
Chaumontel, Glou Moreeau, and Easter Beurre are 
more often met with ; and amongst culinary Pears, the 
Belle de Jersey {syn. Belle Angevine), and Catillac, or 
pound Pear, are considered the best. 
A rich, strong loam suits the Quince stock best; a 
lighter soil suits the free stock for Pears. The advan¬ 
tage of growing Pears on the Quince as a stock is early 
fructification, whereas the generally-accepted axiom 
respecting Pears grafted on the free or Pear stock is 
that— 
He who plants Pears, 
Plants for his heirs. 
There are but few large Pear trees on the island. 
otes from ^Scotland. 
—-r-— 
A Fine Flower Bed. —Pentstemons are numbered 
among the old favourite flowers, and the improvement 
which has been made in them during late years has 
been very great. I purchased a large collection some 
few years ago which has given great satisfaction. Like 
many other herbaceous and florists’ flowers they are 
much improved in character and usefulness, and their 
value enhanced when they are liberally treated. 
Planting in deep highly manured land gives a different 
idea of Pentstemons than when they are grown in 
poor soil. 
In a large oval bed, where many kinds and colours 
are represented, there has been a rich display for nearly 
two months past. The plants are mostly from those 
propagated in the autumn of 1887, and have been left 
where they are since that time. They were left intact 
during the winter after the flower stems were removed, 
and growth, by the warm rains and genial spring, was 
early. The spikes are in many cases 1 yard high, and 
of great bulk. The young growths are abundant, and 
all showing flower buds as they advance. There is a 
band of Pansies of deep blue and pure white kinds 
flowering very profusely round the bed, which gives 
the whole a dressy appearance. The young Stocks 
propagated last autumn are not fully in flower yet, but 
from what they show now should give a display of 
flowers to the end of autumn.— Stirling. 
Fruit Notes. —The popular Strawberry never was 
more in demand than during this season. The crop 
is splendid everywhere (so all reports say), the quality 
excellent, and kinds which have not always been satis¬ 
factory in some districts are doing well this year, 
especially "where mulching had been given in good 
time (in fact, the test time to do this heavily is in the 
autumn after the crops have been gathered and the 
runners cleared off). The old favourites, we note, still 
hold their own ; Noble, however, appears to be much 
valued, and I notice that some of my neighbours are 
about to increase their stock as much as they can. 
Leaf-soil mixed with sand is being spread round the 
old plants, in which the runners are pegged, and I need 
not add that they cannot fail to root readily in such 
kindly material. 
In the forcing lot this year we had the largest crops 
from President, which has been for many years held in 
high favour. Sir J. Paxton was also good, and we 
value it for packing, while La Grosse Sucree was 
expected to be the first this year, but was not much in 
advance of the first-named two kinds, and the latter is 
not one of the best for transmission. King of Earlies 
and Earliest of All have been tried for forcing, but 
they are too small for our requirements. Duke of 
Edinburgh, a good Strawberry, was forced, but it has 
come in so slowly in a cool Peach house, that it was 
not ready long before early kinds were being picked in 
sheltered borders. I never yet could see the force of 
pushing forward late Strawberries, as one can do earlier 
kinds with less forcing and with more certainty as a rule. 
In the open ground King of Earlies and Earliest of All 
—much alike in their habit—were picked one day 
before Sir J. Paxton and Sir Harry. The former 
varieties are abundant bearers, but go off quickly ; they 
are fine for preserving. Duke of Edinburgh makes a fine 
succession to President, and is a heavy cropper, with 
fine colour and of large size. James Veitch is very 
large, but deficient in quantity and colour. British 
Queen is a moderate crop, but really a queen in quality ; 
1 have found none equal this old kind (so familiar to 
me in my schooldays) as a highly-flavoured sort, and 
where it does well it should always be grown. Elton and 
Eleanor are coming in fairly as the latest kinds, but the 
first named is in every way superior to the latter for 
cultivating in Scotland. I have seen Eleanor fine in 
the south of England. Loxford Hall Seedling is an 
enormous cropper, and I hope to be able to report 
favourably of it and Boule d’Or later.— Stirling. 
Roses, —Rose shows should be a great success every¬ 
where this season. Judging from what I have seen, 
flowers are abundant and the plants very vigorous. We 
never had a better display, and perhaps no thanks to 
the cultivator. After they were pruned according to 
our usual custom, we left a number of strong shoots to 
be pegged down, but pressure of work caused them 
to be overlooked. These strong shoots were tied upright 
to stakes every few feet apart (about three shoots en¬ 
closing the stake), and 1 yard to 5 ft. high, so that they 
are now pillars loaded with blossoms from the ground 
upwards, those cut down in process of pruning close to 
the ground being in full flower, and of great vigour in 
plant growth. Climbers of choice sorts are towering 
upwards, with the view of using them as arches every 
9 ft. apart or so. These, well attended with mulching 
along each side of walks about 200 yards long, should 
give°an informal display of Rose blooms of a pleasing 
character. Hybrid perpetuals of strong growth do 
well for arches.— Stirling. 
