72 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
October 3, 1S91. 
shaped Roses grown ; a grand and vigorous grower, 
with handsome foliage ; extra. 
Climbing Niphetos (T. 1889).—The quickest 
growing Rose w T e have, soon covering a large space 
and flowering very freely upon the strong growths 
made ; colour and shape exactly the same as the old 
Niphetos, from which this is a sport. 
Brunnert Fridolin (T. 1889).—Deep cherry 
carmine; lighter in the centre of each petal ; one of 
the prettiest climbers of this colour. 
VlCOMTESSE DE FOLKESTONE (H. T. 1887).—Soft 
creamy-pink, flushed with rose; a very large and 
good shaped Rose : this is one of the freest flowering 
varieties I grow, and also one of the sweetest 
scented. 
Augustine Guinoisseau (H. P. 1889).— A sport 
from La France ; almost white ; quite as free flower¬ 
ing and of equally good habit to its foster parent; 
one of the best for pot culture. 
Ethel Brownlow (T. 1887).—Salmon-pink, with 
yellowish shadings, sometimes much more so than 
at others, a grandly shaped Rose, lasting a longtime 
in a cut state, and a good one for forcing. 
Ernest Metz (T. 1888).—Carnation rose colour, 
very soft and pleasing, brighter in the centre ; one of 
the finest Tea-scented Roses we have, and sure to 
please all wdio purchase it. 
Cleopatra (T. 1889).—Pale pink, bright rose at 
the edges of the petals, buds are very long and 
pointed, opening into a large flower ; a very charming 
new Rose. 
L’Ideale (N. 1887).—A peculiar Rose to describe ; 
colour, yellow and metallic red, splashed and striped 
with deep golden yellow ; a most exquisitely coloured 
Rose and sure to become very popular both for in¬ 
door and outdoor cultivation ; one of the finest for 
cut flowers. 
Madame Ren ah ay (H. P. 1889). — A very large 
and full flower ; colour, light carmine, very softly 
shaded with lilac ; this has as nearly the same sweet 
scent of the old Cabbage Rose as possible, it has a 
most excellent habit, and is bound to become a very 
popular Rose. 
I have now named eighteen, comparatively speak¬ 
ing, new Roses, all of which are extra good, but the 
list might be extended to double that number, and 
still only include first class varieties ; but I fear my 
space is allready exceeded. — Experience. 
Stocks for Standard Roses. 
I think the general experience in Rose 
nurseries last wflnter and spring was that while 
the established standard Rose trees came through 
the winter without taking harm, the brier 
stocks for budding suffered severely. The 
former, owing to the dry autumn, finished up the 
season well; the growth was clean and hard, while 
the soil was dry. I was in a Rose nursery, not long 
since, where standard Roses are largely grown for 
the trade supply. The soil is a heavy and rather 
retentive, clayey loam, but owing to the dry autumn 
and the springs being low, the Rose trees stood 
remarkably well, despite the severity of the weather, 
though during a wet winter they suffer a good deal. 
We may therefore infer that on the whole when a 
severe and prolonged winter follows upon a dry 
autumn the losses through its hardness are compara¬ 
tively few. As a matter of course, during a time of 
such severity as we passed through last winter 
certain subjects of questionable hardihood are 
bound to suffer, but the slaughter generally was not 
so dire as in the memorable season of 1860-61. 
The conditions which operated in favour of the 
standard Roses told against the brier stocks planted 
up for budding. I have been into several nurseries 
in different parts of the country and in all of them I 
saw how badly the briers did, not owing to the 
severity of the weather, but to the dryness of the 
soil. It is no doubt generally known that the Rose 
stocks employed for budding to make standard Roses 
are obtained from the country hedgerows; and the 
Dog Rose, when it becomes established in a loamy 
bank, makes a prodigious growth. If anyone would 
examine one of these vigorous native brier stocks 
they will find a very strong tap root is sent down 
deeply into the loam, and just above the surface 
there is sent out a number of kflob-like growths, from 
each of which issues a strong shoot rising into the 
air several feet in height. By means of an instrument 
these are wrenched off from the parent stock, and 
very frequently having at the root end only a knob, 
destitute or only scantily furnished with root fibres, 
they are shortened to 4 ft or 5 ft. in length, tied in 
bundles, and when a sufficient number of them is 
obtained they are sent to the Rose nurseries, frequently 
quite dry, the scanty root fibres half withered ; the 
stocks are laid in by the heels until a convenient 
time for planting out permanently for budding in the 
following summer. 
Here I may remark that some idea of the prolifi¬ 
cacy of the Dog Rose can be imagined when 1 state 
that the Dog Rose stocks required by the Rose 
nurserymen of this country in one season can be 
numbered by the hundred thousand. 
Last autumn or early winter, these Rose stocks 
were planted up in soil much drier below the surface 
than was generally imagined. The dryness of the 
soil was against the production of fibrous roots as 
feeders, the result being death to many. They died of 
thirst, and I am confirmed in this opinion by a cir¬ 
cumstance mentioned to me a short time since by a 
Rose grower in the West of England. During the 
late autumn he sent, just before the pre-Christmas 
frost set in, a number of Rose stocks to an amateur 
who wished to bud a few Roses the following 
season, and as the receiver was busy at the time, 
the bundle was stood in a shallow pond of water. 
The frost set in and it was some days ere the bundle 
could be released and the stocks planted. Not one 
failed to grow. The grower who related the incident 
now stands his Rose stocks in water some days 
before planting, and his losses are reduced to a 
minimum. — R. D. 
APPLES AND THEIR 
CULTURE. 
Fruit culture is just now receiving a great deal of 
attention on every hand, and by means of Fruit Con¬ 
ferences especially the community is exhorted to 
plant fruit trees, and especially Apples. With the 
larger question of the practicability of growing 
Apples or any other fruit for profit, as a business 
speculation, this paper will not deal. Much of the 
advice given is admirable, but it is scarcely dis¬ 
criminating enough ; and there is too frequently left 
out consideration as to the locality — its climate and 
soil — when it is recommended certain sorts of Apples 
should be planted. It is obvious that varieties of 
Apples which can be successfully grown in Kent can¬ 
not be produced so finely, if at all, in Lancashire ; 
and, therefore, it is the duty of those who advise and 
mention sorts to pay some regard to the locality, and 
the varieties likely to succeed in it. 
In the southern parts of the country gardeners are 
advised to plant bush and pyramid Apples that have 
been grafted upon a French stock, known as the 
Paradise (Pommier de Paradis), an early variety of 
the Crab Apple (Pyrus malus). This is known as a 
dwarfing' stock ; it promotes fruitfulness rather than 
growth of wood, and operates to throw the trees into 
bearing at once. We saw last summer at Bath some 
trees of Lord Grosvenor Apple, which had been 
budded upon the French Paradise stock in the spring 
of 1890, and they were actually bearing fruit in 1891. 
Growers of Apples in Lancashire appear to prefer 
the Crab stock, that is the wild Crab Apple, on 
which to bud or graft their Apples, though the 
French Paradise is being employed. But it is the 
Crab stock will be found best suited on the whole 
for Lancashire. The climate is raw and cold, and 
the soil moist and clammy. There are exceptions to 
this, but the general conditions are as just stated. 
What can the grower do to assist the trees in pro¬ 
ducing fruit ? All damp and cold soils should be 
deeply drained where practicable, and every encour¬ 
agement given to the trees to make surface roots. 
Warmth in the soil is all-important, and the placing 
of a few stones, pebbles, or brickbats in it helps to 
produce this desirable quality ; and this is the main 
reason why surface rooting in the case of Apples is 
found so advantageous. To encourage the roots to 
come to the surface mulching is resorted to ; that is 
done by placing a layer of good manure upon the 
surface round the trees. It gradually becomes 
incorporated with the soil, the roots come to the sur¬ 
face in search of the supply of food thus afforded 
them to the great gain of the crop. 
It is therefore a great advantage when planting in 
the first instance, to keep the roots near the surface, 
and in cases where there is reason to fear that the 
subsoil may not be suited to the yell-being of the 
trees to spread out the roots upon the surface, and 
cover them with a good fertile loam, supporting the 
tree until the roots attach themselves to the earth, 
and enable it to maintain an upright position. It is 
only in sheltered spots this method of planting can 
be carried out, and the soil placed upon the roots 
should be trodden or beaten down firmly. Keep the 
stagnant moisture away from the roots of your fruit 
trees it is a golden rule for gardeners; and if the 
soil cannot be drained, deep trenching, (say, to the 
depth of 2 ft) will be found of great service. 
King of the Pippins and Early Margaret among 
the dessrt Apples ; Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, 
Potts Seedling and Warner's King among the kitchen 
Apples, appear to be some of the best for the north¬ 
ern districts. King of the Pippins, a very favourite 
table Apple all over the country, always bears well 
in Lancashire, though it appears to succeed best in 
warm situations. Among the newer dessert Apples 
which have not as yet found their way into the north 
to any great extent may be mentioned Beauty of 
Bath, a great favourite in the west of England where 
it is a heavy and certain cropper, and being very 
early it almost always takes the first prizes at fruit 
shows held in August, as the best dessert variety. 
It is a good grower, and will, we think, succeed as 
well in the north, as in the west. Lady Sudeley is 
another comparatively new dessert Apple ; highly 
recommended for its fertility, rich aromatic flavour 
and handsome appearance. Some regard this Apple 
as the finest dessert fruit of recent introduction. It 
is ready for table in August and September, accord¬ 
ing to the season. Mr. Gladstone is another first- 
early dessert Apple, which, as it does so well in the 
moist clayey loams about London, should succeed 
in Lancashire. It is probably the earliest table Apple, 
taking on a rich colour ; an excellent bearer, espec¬ 
ially on the paradise stock. It is confidently 
anticipated that Mr. Gladstone will become a 
leading market Apple. It is also known as Jackson's 
Seedling. 
Some newer kitchen Apples appear to be also 
worthy of the attention of planters in the north. 
There is Bismarck, a grand new variety from Aus¬ 
tralia. It has proved such a hardy, vigorous grower 
that it promises to succeed well in any part of the 
country; it is large, very handsome, the'tree bears 
freely, and it is ready for use during the last three 
months of the year. For beauty of colour—and 
who does not admire it upon an Apple—Gascoynes’ 
Scarlet Seedling, or Glory of England stands pre¬ 
eminent. It seems so well adapted for the southern 
parts of the country that there is just a doubt 
whether it will do so well in the north. But it has 
the reputation of being a healthy free grower. This 
variety, and Duchess of Gloucester, or Duchess’ 
Favourite, a small but exceedingly bonnj- red-cheeked 
Apple that bears most profusely in Lincolnshire, 
deserve to be planted in shrubberies, where they 
would make charming pictorial features when in 
fruit. Lane’s Prince Albert is a remarkably fine 
culinary Apple, which we can most cordially recom¬ 
mend for planting in small gardens ; young bush or 
pyramid trees grafted upon the Paradise stock bear 
profusely. The fact that it bears so freely renders it 
unsuitable for orchard culture ; the weight of the crop 
so bends down the branches that cattle can readily 
devour the fruit. It is a late Apple, and will keep 
until April. Then there is Lord Grosvenor, a very 
fine free bearing Codlin, that will I think eventually 
replace in the south that popular Lancashire Apple, 
Lord Suffield, which Mr. Samuel Barlow once 
informed me was raised near his residence at Stake 
Hill, Castleton. Unfortunately, Lord Suffield is 
found to be somewhat tender in constitution and 
subject to canker; and yet it stands at the head of 
the lists of culinary Apples grown in Lancashire. 
Lord Grosvenor bears freely upon quite young trees. 
Lastly comes the Sandringham, a handsome, new, 
late Apple, from the gardens of Sandringham House, 
and not being recognised as a known variety bears 
the name. It is a very handsome new late variety, 
hardy, a free grower and bearer, and keeping up till 
January.— E. IV. 
OLEARIA HAASTII. 
The past winter has had no appreciable effect on 
this shrub, either as regards the foliage or the 
flowers. It may therefore be reckoned as an estate 
lished mlmbitant of our shrubbery borders, while 
the fact remains that a large proportion of shrubs 
from the same country are killed even in moderately 
severe winters It comes from New Zealand, and 
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