January 23, 1892. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
821 
numerical strength and importance of the Gardeners’ 
Association of the City of Birmingham and the 
surrounding district, thereby assisting to supply the 
means for further extending the blessing of this 
noble institution.” 
What is the Value of a Tree? — This question, 
with one or two others connected therewith, has 
been settled recently by the Queen’s Bench Division 
for the special benefit of the London and North- 
Western Railway Company. A gentleman named 
Gill, residing in Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill, near 
the company's line and hard by the Chalk Farm tunnel, 
had two Normandy Poplars in his garden, which 
gratefully shielded him from the smoke and deadened 
the noise of passing trains. These the company 
desired to remove, because somehow they interfered 
with the traffic. Mr. Gill, it appears, was willing to 
lop off branches that were in the way, but, as a 
screen against the sulphurous emanations from the 
company’s engines, he desired to retain the Poplars. 
Negotiations failing, the company sent their own 
men, felled the trees, and then paid /50 into court. 
Later they increased this sum to /100. Suburban 
residents who dwell near the ironwaysof all-powerful 
railway companies may be glad to learn that the 
Court assessed the value of the trees at three times 
this amount, and gave damages for /200 in addition 
to the sum paid into Court. 
The Ancient Society of York Florists. — The annual 
meeting of this ancient society was held at York on 
the 12th inst., Mr. W. C. Millburn, vice-president, 
presiding. Mr. John Lazenby, the secretary, read 
the report, in which the committee deeply regretted 
the death of one of the vice-presidents, the late Mr. 
Aid. Matthews, Lord Mayor of York, who was a con¬ 
sistent supporter of the society for over twenty years. 
The balance sheet shows that the tide of prosperity 
was flowing. The gross income reached/620. The ex¬ 
penditure, although necessarily larger than hitherto, 
viz. ^445, consequent upon the growing character of 
the society’s transactions, left a balance to the 
society’s credit of /175. There had been a nett 
increase of thirty new members during the year. The 
summer shows in the Guildhall continued to be much 
appreciated by the public, and the exhibitors in¬ 
creased in number. The Chrysanthemum show was 
perhaps the most successful the society had held. It 
was visited by about 10,000 persons, and the receipts 
exceeded those of the previous year by about /30. 
In accordance with the custom of the last two or 
three years, a flower service was held in the summer 
at St. Michael-le-Belfrey’s Church, and the offertories 
enabled the committee to present to the County 
Hospital and York Dispensary £5 5s. each. The 
funds of those institutions were further benefited to 
the extent of £2 2s. iod. each at the Chrysanthemum 
show. The report and balance sheet were adopted 
unanimously. Aid. Sir Joseph Terry was elected 
president, and the Lord Mayor (Mr. Aid. Close), the 
City Sheriff (Mr. Councillor Foster), and Mr. 
McIntosh were elected as vice-presidents, for the 
ensuing year. Mr. W. R. Robinson was chosen as 
junior steward ; and Mr. Fielden and Mr. Lazenby 
were re-elected treasurer and secretary respectively. 
The election of a committee of eighteen followed. 
The sum of /50 was allocated to the minor shows of 
the ensuing season, and ^130 to the next Chrysan¬ 
themum show, November 16th, 17th, and 18th being 
the dates fixed for the latter. 
--*•- 
CHRYSANTHEMUM MISS 
ANNA HARTSHORNE. 
When reading Mr. Dean’s remarks on New 
Japanese Chrysanthemums in your issue of January 
2nd, I noticed that Mr. E. Tautz was credited with 
having had a fine bloom of Miss Anna Hartshorne 
May I be allowed to state that Mr. Tautz has not 
grown that variety, and that I think I am the only 
person who grew it in Ealing last season. As I had 
a splendid bloom of it, which Mr. Dean saw, I think 
there can be no doubt he intended to refer to my 
bloom, and mentioned Mr. Tautz’s name in error. 
I quite agree with Mr. Dean that it is apt to show 
its buds precociously, as even the cuttings or suckers 
show a bud before they are 2 in. long. I should 
like to say a few words with regard to stands for 
Japanese varieties. I think it only fair that all stands 
should be of the same size, as the blooms look very 
different on a large board to what they do on a small 
one, as I found to my cost at the N. C. S. show last 
November. I am glad to see that the majority of 
growers do not favour the boards being over 4 in. 
wider than they are at present, but for my part 
I should prefer using boards 28 in. by 21 in., 
which I think would afford ample space for 12 
blooms.—C. Edwards , Gardener to W. Owen, Esq., The 
Elms, Castle Bar, Ealing. 
- ■» 
HARDY TREES & SHRUBS. 
The Cotoneasters. 
In our issue for December 5th, p. 213, we gave a 
description of a considerable number of the smaller 
growing species of Cotoneaster, together with a wood- 
cut of C. buxifolia. The undermentioned are all 
strong growing kinds, which on account of their 
habit are to be considered as large bushes rather 
than trees. Although not by any means common 
in this country they can hardly be considered rare, 
and in the southern half of the country they prove 
quite hardy. They are very ornamental when laden 
with fruit, especially when the latter is red. They 
may be grown in the shrubbery where plenty of 
space can be afforded them, as they attain size, or 
they may be planted as isolated specimens on the 
lawn, where they will be seen to best advantage. In 
prominent positions near dwelling houses, birds will 
to some extent be prevented from eating the fruits, 
and the bushes will accordingly remain in beauty for 
a much longer time. 
Cotoneaster frigida.— This species is decidedly 
the best of the large growing kinds, by reason of the 
Cotoneaster frigida. 
large umbels of red or scarlet fruit which it produces 
in great abundance on large well established bushes. 
Young ones also fruit fairly well provided they have 
been raised from cuttings or layers instead of seeds. 
Old bushes vary from 8 ft. to 10 ft. in height, and 
like other species show a tendency to develop 
numerous stems, sometimes as stout as hop poles, 
branching freely at the top, and ripening their umbel¬ 
late cymes of red fruit about the beginning of 
September. Seedlings come into bearing in the 
course of three or four years. The leaves ars oblong- 
elliptical and of considerable length, deep green above 
and finely downy beneath. Our illustration will 
give an idea of their form as well as the character 
of the fruit. The species is a native of the Himalayas 
on the higher mountains of Nepal. 
C. affinis. —By many this is considered merely as 
a form of the last-named species, differing chiefly in 
the form of the leaves, which, according to Lindley, 
who first described the plant, are ovate. A large 
plant at Kew shows them to be oblong-elliptic, very 
densely arranged, and relatively short compared 
with those of C. frigida. The bush attains a height 
of 10 ft. to 12 ft. and presents a rather scrubby and 
stiff appearance compared with C. frigida, and is ir¬ 
regularly branched. The fruit is red and produced 
in smaller clusters than in the last-named species. 
It comes from the lower country of the Nepal district 
C. bacillaris. —The stems of this species attain a 
height of 10 ft. to 20 ft , and are very numerous and 
slender in proportion to their length. The specific 
name means staff-like, as the stems are much used 
for making walking sticks. The leaves vary in shape 
from oblong or elliptic toobovate, and are deciduous. 
The species is a native of Nepal and other parts of 
the Himalayas, fl he berries are small, brownish 
purple, and produced in cymes, otherwise similar to 
those of C. frigida. The habit of the plant is 
peculiar, but sufficiently ornamental to be worthy of 
a place in collections of ornamental trees and 
shrubs. 
C. rotundifolia. — The striking feature of this 
species is the roundness of the leaves, which, in 
general terms, may be described as roundly-elliptic, 
thinly hairy above, but ultimately quite smooth, and 
of a deep shining green. The lateral shoots are 
often regularly arranged in two ranks, as occurs in 
G. horizon tabs and several other species. The 
berries are produced in great abundance on the 
plants, but in very small clusters, or solitary, from 
the short lateral shoots or spurs. The white 
flowers open during April and May, and the red 
berries commence to ripen about the beginning of 
September. The stems vary from 2 ft. to 4 ft. in 
height, forming an ornamental shrub of medium size, 
and therefore suitable for shrubberies even in small 
gardens. The species is a native of Nepal, from 
whence it was introduced in 1825 ; and it proves 
evergreen in this countr)\ 
C. nummularia.— Like the last-named, this 
species is also notable for the peculiar rotundity of 
its leaves. The specific name refers to this, from 
the fancied resemblance of the leaves to pieces of 
money. They are orbicular, light glaucous green 
above and downy or felted beneath, with silky- 
woolly hairs. The white flowers are produced in 
clusters of two to five on short lateral spurs, and give 
place to small berries which become brownish-purple 
about the beginning of September, and later on al¬ 
most black, hanging on the bush the greater part of 
the winter. The species comes from Kashmir, 
Western Thibet, and other parts of the Himalayas, 
proving sub-evergreen in this country and growing 
to a height of 10 ft. to 15 ft. It is both elegant and 
distinct, and is very ornamental even in small 
gardens, where we have seen it fruiting abundantly. 
It was introduced in 1824, and well deserves a more 
extended cultivation on account of its graceful habit 
and uncommon looking fruit. 
, ♦ 
APPLES. 
In thus briefly describing the cultivation of the 
Apple, it will not be necessary for me to give the his¬ 
tory of this most important fruit. We all know it is of 
great antiquity, that it has been cultivated from time 
immemorial. Unquestionably the Apple is the most 
important of all our hardy fruits, and no other kind 
of fruit tree is so well adapted for cultivation in the 
gardens of all classes, and none affords so lasting and 
generally useful a supply. The fruit of some of the 
earliest varieties is fit for use in July, whilst some 
of the late keeping sorts may be had in good con¬ 
dition until the same time the following year. Its 
usefulness both as dessert and for cooking will never 
be questioned. England is well adapted for the cul¬ 
tivation of Apples, and it is surprising that there are 
so few really good home grown samples to be met 
with in the markets during the winter; when we con¬ 
sider all the natural advantages we possess, it is no 
credit to us that America and other countries should 
annually drain our country of such large sums of 
money for Apples alone. There is no reason why 
the greater part of this money should not be kept at 
home, for we have clear proof that English grown 
fruit is superior to foreign in several points. 
A great deal of attention has been paid to the 
subject of our fruit supply of late, and the question 
is a very important one from a commercial point of 
view. The several fruit conferences held throughout 
the country have brought together a lot of useful and 
practical information, which has been distributed 
throughout the land by the gardening press. And if 
we do not render a better account of ourselves in the 
future (by improving our supply of home grown 
fruit), it will not be for the want of sound practical 
teaching. 
In the following paper I intend to treat the subject 
more from a private gardener's point of view than 
commercially, and for convenience I shall treat 
