338 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
January 30, 1892. 
THE WHITE PINE. 
Undoubtedly the most majestic and picturesque tree 
of northern forests is the familiar White Pine, Pinus 
Strobus, and no other is so valuable in the common 
arts of life. It has a wide range throughout the 
north, extending from Newfoundland to Winnipeg, 
and covering immense tracts in Maine, New York 
and Michigan. It is found scattered along the 
Alleghany mountains to Georgia, although in lower 
levels it reaches little beyond Michigan and New 
York. It follows the sandy shores of Lake Michigan 
throughout their length upon the east. The White 
Pine is the leading lumber-tree of northern forests, 
although much of the Michigan, Wisconsin and 
Minnesota Pine lumber is the product of Pinus 
resinosa, the red or so-called Norway Pine. 
As an ornamental tree the White Pine deservedly 
stands high ; for while it is a strong grower, its long 
and flexile leaves relieve it from that feeling of harsh¬ 
ness which attaches to the Austrian and Scotch 
species. And its very familiarity is a strong point in 
its favour, for it strengthens the ties of old associa¬ 
tions, and carries our thoughts into our own woods 
and over our own hill-sides. 11 takes kindly to cul¬ 
tivation, too, demanding only a dry and rather loose 
soil, and no extra attention. It is too coarse for the 
immediate vicinity of the house, yet it can come 
closer than the other large Pines. The long slim 
cones of this Pine distinguish it from all its congeners 
in the east, and they have about them more grace of 
form than any other Pine-cones which come within 
the possibilities of our gardens. 
But the White Pine is most characteristically a 
part of our landscape when it stands alone in some 
field or on some declivity, shorn of some of its limbs, 
and bravely struggling against the inevitable march 
of time. We appeal to our readers to spare these 
isolated sentinels ; and we hope that they will not 
forget to give the younger brood a place about the 
home, —American Gardening. 
APPLES. 
(Concluded from p. 322.) 
General Treatment. 
If the Apples have made a clean, healthy growth no 
manure is required ; on the other hand, if they are 
stinted and covered with moss and lichen, it is a sign 
that more nourishment is required. Half-decayed 
farmyard manure is the most-serviceable. 2 in. or 3 in. 
spread on the surface in November will be found the 
best mode of applying it. If manure can be spared to 
mulch with in summer, it will be found of great ser¬ 
vice, especially when the trees are worked on the 
surface rooting stocks, as it protects them from 
drought in hot weather. It should be applied before 
the warm weather sets in, about 3 in. deep. If the 
whole surface can be covered so much the better, if 
not, it should be spread as far as the roots extend. 
Old and heavily cropped trees are greatly benefited 
by mulching, and if weak, liquid manure can be ap¬ 
plied when the fruit is swelling, it will be found of 
great benefit. 
With young trees, over-feeding should be avoided 
as it causes an over-luxuriant growth, which does 
not ripen before winter comes. Some varieties bear 
very heavy crops of small fruit, and if a little timely 
thinning of the clusters is practised, the size will be 
greatly improved, and the crop will be of more 
value than if double the number of small fruit were 
allowed to remain. Then again some varieties bear 
an enormous crop one year and miss the next, the 
cause is, I think, exhaustion, more often than the 
weather which is so often blamed. 
All the energy of the tree is required to ripen the 
heavy crop the one year, and 110 reserve kept for the 
next, therefore the tree requires time to recruit. 
All trees should be correctly labelled—our plan 
is to fasten wooden labels on with small wire; 
they should receive two coats of white paint, 
and be thoroughly dried, then one of black. The 
names should be scratched in with a nail before the 
black paint gets quite dry. If treated in this man¬ 
ner the labels will last for years, and the names be 
quite legible. In fastening them on, they should be 
put on one of the side branches, and the wire loose 
enough to allow the branch to grow. 
Varieties. 
There are so many good varieties of Apples that it 
5 pof at all difficult to maintain a supply from 
July until the following June. The number grown 
must of course be regulated by the demand and the 
conveniences at hand. The following is a list of the 
best dessert varieties, they are arrangedin their order of 
ripening:—Early RedJuneatingis the first, followed 
by Red Astrachan, Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Kerry 
Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lady Sudeley, Red 
Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Orange 
Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Orange, King of 
the Pippins, King Harry, Claygate Pearmain, 
Hubbard’s Pearmain, Scarlet Nonpareil, Royal 
Russet, Court of Wick, Court Pendu Plat, Allen’s 
Everlasting, Sturmer Pippin, Duke of Devonshire, 
Old Nonpareil, Van Mons. Reinette, Baumann’s Red 
Winter Reinette. 
For cooking we have more varieties'to select from 
than we have for dessert, and there should be no 
difficulty in keeping up a good supply. The earliest 
varieties are Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, Manks, 
Codlin, Keswick Codlin, Golden Spire, and for mid¬ 
season, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Stones’, New 
Hawthornden, The Queen, Golden Noble, Warner’s 
King, Cox’s Pomona, Ecklinville Seedling, Beauty 
of Kent, Frogmore Prolific, Blenheim Poppin. 
These in all ordinary cases will be found sufficient 
until Christmas, then the following will come in :— 
Dumelow’s Seedling, Lane's Prince Albert, Alfriston, 
Winter Hawthornden, Improved Northern Greening, 
Bramley’s Seedling, Yorkshire Greening, Hambledon 
Deux Ans, Gloria Mundi, Dutch Mignonne, 
Grange's Pearmain, Baumann's Red Winter 
Reinette. 
For the convenience of those who have not the 
room to grow a large collection, I append a select 
list for cooking purposes :—Lord Suffield, Keswick 
Codlin, Stirling Castle, New Hawthornden, 
Warner's King, Ecklinville Seedling, Frogmore 
Prolific, Blenheim Orange, Dumelow's Seedling, 
Lane’s Prince Albert, Improved Northern Greening, 
Grange's Pearmain. 
Gathering and Storing. 
These matters should have particular attention. 
Apples should be carefully gathered ; the reckless 
method of shaking them down must be abandoned. 
The fruit should be perfectly ripe before gathering, 
that is to say it should part freely at the natural 
union of the stalk and spur when raised by the 
hand, and the seeds should be brown and loose in 
the cells. A fine day should be chosen for gathering 
the fruit, so that it may be stored in a dry condition. 
The less handling the fruit gets the better, as it 
is very easily bruised, and though the bruises do not 
show at the time they will do so soon after being 
stored. 
Before storing all the fruit should be “graded into 
bests and seconds. The seconds should be used up 
first, as the others will be found to keep best. 
The fruit room should be cool and dark, and at all 
times kept thoroughly clean and sweet. The shelves 
are best made of laths, with a space left between 
each to admit the air equally all round the fruit. If 
space is no object, the Apples should be arranged in 
single tiers, and should not touch each other in the 
rows. If however space is limited they can with 
advantage be stored two deep. A careful watch 
should be kept for decaying ones, as they will soon 
spoil those nearest to them. Apples can be kept 
very well without an expensive fruit room ; if they are 
carefully packed in clean boxes or barrels, and well 
protected from frost, they will keep almost as long 
as in any fruit room. When packed in this manner 
on no account must any substance such as hay be 
placed with them, as it taints the fruit and destroys 
the flavour. 
Enemies'. 
These vary exceedingly, and some are exceedingly 
difficult to exterminate, principally on account of 
their minute size. It is not my intention to 
enumerate or describe all the various pests that 
come under this heading, but only to give what I 
consider to be the most important ones, ^and what 
have come under my own observation. 
One of the most important is American Blight, a 
woolly aphis which infests both the roots and 
branches, causing the tissue' to swell. 
The insects take up their abode in any little hole 
or crevice in the bark, also in the angle formed by 
the leaf stalk and the branch. On its first appear¬ 
ance it should be treated to a little soft soap, fir-tree 
oil or Gishurst Compound, any of which will be 
found effectual, if applied to the affected parts with 
fi stiff brush. The mixture should not be used too 
strong, especially on the young wood. If the insects 
do not find convenient hiding places on the stems, 
they conceal themselves just under the surface of the 
soil, all loose soil round the stems should therefore 
be burnt. Some varieties are more liable to be 
attacked by this insect than others, notably New 
Hawthornden and Small’s Admirable; whilst 
others are altogether free from it, Winter Majetin, 
Northern Spy and Irish Peach will suffice for ex¬ 
amples. These are what are termed blight-proof 
varieties in some countries. We have used Winter 
Majetin and Northern Spy largely and successfully 
as stocks in districts wffiere the ^blight is very bad, 
thereby ensuring the tree clean below the union. 
The Codlin Moth is another very troublesome foe, 
it is the cause of the Apples falling prematurely. If 
these fallen fruits are examined, it will be found that 
inside each is a small grub which is the cause of 
the Apples falling. All Apples that fall should be 
collected as soon as possible as the grub leaves the 
fruit soon after it drops. They can be trapped in 
large numbers with bands round the stems of the 
trees, smeared with some sticky substance. The 
bands should be collected in autumn and burnt. 
The Winter Moth is also very troublesome, and 
can be partly prevented by the bands on the stems 
being applied not later than October. Rabbits and 
hares cause great damage to young trees, by eating 
the bark. If they cannot be prevented from getting 
in the enclosure, each tree should be protected by 
strong wire netting. Canker I attribute to cold, 
undrained soil, hard pruning or frost, all of which 
we think have a share in the destruction. The 
ill-effects of canker can to a great extent be prevented 
by planting in good soil, and following a liberal 
course of treatment.— T.W. 
Gardening Siscellany. 
Cjo •Qtr1 
ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
I am informed that a person is going about the 
country canvassing for the sale of a certain book on 
gardening, and stating that he is sent by our society, 
and holding out as an inducement that the 
purchasers will thereby become ipso facto Fellows of 
our society. It is simply needless to say that we 
have no knowledge whatever of the individual in 
question, and that his statements as far as our society 
is concerned are entirely unfounded.— IF. Wilks, Sec, 
R.H.S., 117, Victoria Street, S. IF. 
JASMINUM SAMBAC. 
Sweet-scented flowers are highly'esteemed by most 
people who use flowers largely in a cut state, and as 
this subject blooms all the year round under proper 
treatment, it should be more generally cultivated 
than is the case at present. Being of climbing habit 
the best results are obtained by planting against the 
pillars or rafters of a stove, where it can occasionally 
be pruned to restrict its limits. This might be done 
in spring, when flowers of other kinds are getting 
more plentiful, and can therefore take its place. 
The general appearance of the species is quite diffe¬ 
rent from that of most other kinds in cultivation. 
The leaves vary from heart-shaped to oblong, but 
are perfectly entire, instead of being lobed or pinnate 
as in the hardy species as well as some of the hot¬ 
house kinds. The flowers are produced in small 
umbels or clusters at the end of the shoots ; and the 
aim of the cultivator should be to encourage the 
development of these, thereby ensuring a succession 
of flowers. There are double varieties which may 
prove more acceptable to some cultivators than the 
single. Small plants may also be flowered in pots, 
but the same quantity of bloom cannot be grown from 
plants grown in this way'. 
AGAVE AMERICANA PICTA. 
There are two variegated forms of the American 
Aloe, perfectly' distinct and easily recognisable. A. 
americana variegata has a broad bright y'ellow margin 
on each side of a central glaucous green band. A. a. 
picta on the other hand has a broad central golden- 
y’ellow band along both surfaces ; hence the variety 
is sometimes called A. a. medio-picta. It is also 
known as A. ornata. The leaves usually attain only 
3 ft. in length, whereas those of A. a. variegata are 
sometimes twice that length on large plants. Except 
large plants arc wanted for a particular purpose, a 
