INTRODUCTION 
12 
The PALPI are three jointed but vary greatly in length and in density of their hairy covering: 
in the subfamily Libythemae they attain their maximum length; they are used m discriminating that 
subfamily, and in defining certain genera of the llesj^cridae. 
The large compound EYES with their many facets are in some species studded with hairs: the 
presence or absence of these hairs provides a generic eharactei in the Nymphalidae and the 
Lycaenidae, 
The classification of Butterflies is liased to some extent upon the characters of the early life 
stages, but chiefly upon those of the perfect insect. As knoAvledgc of the earlier stages improves, many 
points of great importance in classification Avill uo doubt be discovered, meanwhile the structure of 
the legs of the perfect insect is regar’ded as the character of primary importance, and next the numher 
and the position of the veins that strengthen the wing membrane. 
The system Ave ha\^e decided upon for naming the Amins and the A’arious areas of the wings, 
differs soineAvhat from those already in use, so needs some explanation. 
Fig. C. Wing venation of Euploea 
corinna, showing terminology of 
larger wing areas. 
Fig. D. Wing Amnation of Eulepis 
semproniusy showing system of 
numbering veins and areas. 
The forewing of a butterfly is approximately triangular. The place of attachment to the thoras 
is called the BASE, the front margin the COSTA, the tip the APEX, the outer margin the TERMES, 
the lower angle the TOKNUS and the inner or hinder margin the DORSUM: the costa extends from 
the base to the apex, the termen from the apex to the tornus, and the dorsum from the tomus io 
the base. Close to the base is the BASAL AREA; below the costa is the SUBCOSTAL AREA; the 
tip of the wing encloses the APICAL and the SUB APICAL AREAS; within the termen are the 
TERMINAL and the SUBILRMINAL AREAS; in the basal half of the wing, between the subcostal 
vein and the median vein, is the CELL; between the subterminal area and the cell, reaching from the 
costa to the dorsum, is the DISCAL AREA. 
