INTRODUCTION 
10 
with their long fleshy tentacles: L75 and L90 are the usual foinns of Satyrid larvae with 
bifid tail: L41 is a figure of the curious horned head of the larva of Eulepis sempronius the one 
Australian species of the section of the Nymphalinae with smooth and rounded larvae: L36 with 
small hairv processes is a representative of the other section of the : L6 mth its slender 
hairy processes is the larva of Acraea: L285 and L428 represent the flattened sluglike larvae oi 
the Lpcaenidae: L557 and L562 are the two usual forms of the larvae of the Papthomdae: L500 is 
a larva of the Pieridae: L610 and L723 are larvae of the Hesperidae, The butterflies from the smooth 
larvae of the Danamae have vein la of the forewing forked at base, while this vein is not forked 
in the Acraetnae with its curious hairy larva. The larval colours usually blend with those of the 
foodplant, but in some species are strikingly distinct with spots and stripes of sharply contrasting 
colours. The larvae of some species are solitary, many are found a few^ only upon each foodplant, 
but some feed and shelter in large companies: they nearly all shelter during daylight and feed onlj 
after dark. The larvae of the Lycaemdae almost invariably have a dorsal sugar-gland and are iii 
conseQuence attended and eared for by ants. The larvae of the Jlesperidae are always smooth and 
cylindrical, are nearly always some shade of green, and shelter within a curled leaf or a tube of 
grass blades. 
The PUPAE are very variable both in shape and colour: our plate illustrates some of the 
many forms; PI represents the smooth and rounded pupa of the Danainae, and P75 the somewhat 
similar pupa of the Satyrinae ; P90 is the ]:iupa of Tl'eteronymplid nierope which, with others of the 
genus, once no doubt suspended itself by the tail, but no longer does so: it pupates under grass or dead 
leaves upon or sometimes just beneath the surface of the ground: P6 is the pupa of the AcraeinaCj 
and P36 an angulate pupa of the Nym2dialmae: P338, P428 and P451 are three Lycaenid pupae; these 
are usually smooth and rounded, hut sometimes as in P338 flattened, and sometimes rugged. P500 
and P521 represent two forms of Pierid pupae, one with dorsal spikes and one with a prominent 
anterior projection: in others of the Pieridae the pupae are smooth with the wung-cases extended to 
form a projection like a keel: P557 and P562 are two forms of Papilionid pupae, the one with a single 
medial anteidor liorn and a smooth surface, and the other with a lateral anterior horn on each side 
of the head and a rough surface: P633, P723 and P731 are pupae of the Jlesperidae, The pupae of the 
Pieridae, the Papilionidae and the Lycaenidae are not only fastened by the tail but also by a central 
silken girdle, and are placed horizontally or vertically with the head upwards. The pupae of the 
Papilionidae Avith two lateral hoims produce butterflies Avith A-ein 11 of the forewing free from 
A'ein 12, while the butterflies from those pupae with a single medial horn have those two veins 
anastomosed. Tlte pnpae of the Jlesperidae are all more or less cylindrical and smooth: they pupate 
Avithin a sheath made by curling a leaf, or by draAving together seAmral grass blades of the foodplant; 
they usuallj' pupate Avith the head upAvavds, hut in some species Avith the head doAVUAA'ards; P610 
illustrates the hornj’ anterior end of an Hesperid pupa: this is characteristic of tlie family, is in 
most cases specifically distinct, and Avill in the future proA'e an important structure for the purposes of 
classification. 
The IMAGINES or perfect insects present a vyonderfiil variety of shape, size, pattern and colour, 
and we haA^e illustrated and described all those species yet found AAuthin Australian limits. 
Much has been written about the anatomical structure of the butterfly and its various organs, so 
Ave need not devote space to this aspect of the subject; Ave give a few notes only, chiefly upon 
characters used in classification. 
The WINGS are formed of a double membrane strengthened by a framework of holloAV veins, 
and clothed with oA’erlapping scales each attached to the membrane hy a stalk. These scales give 
the colours to the Aving, and are of different shapes in different species: among them are specialised 
scales some of Avhich have internal tubes capable of carrying a liquid or scent from glands in the 
membrane: groupings of these scales form the sex-brands of the male and may Avell be organs of 
recognition. 
