PAPILIONIDAE 
157 
TROIDES 
As with other families of the buttertlies, there is amiilo evidence of two iiiigTations of Fapilios 
rom hew Guinea by way of Cape York, into eastern Australia within comparatively recent times 
llie earlier of these has extended southward along the coast to the subtropical scrubs or jungles of 
uorfem N S. A ales (lat. 31°) Occasional stragglers are to be met with along the whole coastline 
of A. b Yales, and more especially in the neighbourhood of Sj^diiey, where the foodplaiits of the larvae 
are put to ornameutal and economic uses. 
To this migration belong P sarpedon choredon, 1\ eiirypylus hjcaon and E. cressida cressida, all 
ot ^hich aie found m Sydney, though cressida is a somewhat rare visitor. These three species, as well as 
I capamus and Iroules pnamus richmondius, are lirmly established on the coastline of northern 
i /■. genus to be recorded from Australia, and wds evidently 
.ell estabhshed m Sydney early in the nineteenth its larvae then found suitable indigenous 
toodiilan.s, but now prefer ihe introduced citrus trees. Four of the six species comprising this mio-ra- 
hon, nohnondius cressida aegeus fuscus, undoubtedly originated in or near New Guinea: fmcus 
IS more ancient than the others and is the only one of the four to extend westward of ^Yallaee’s line. 
The other two species, snrpedow and eiirypylus, have an extended range in the Indo-Australian Kegion' 
aud probably originated to the westward ot iSTew Guinea. * 
the later migration has given us species that have only reached the tropical scrubs of the northern 
Queensland coast. Ihere, in addition to the six species of the earlier invasion, are to be found P. 
Ulysses pesa, P. aristeiis parmatusy and P. agamemnon ligaius i-eaching 'Mackay (lat. 22°)* and P. 
macfarlmeij R ambra^r egipius and Menelaides p>ohjdorus queenslandiciis reaching only to the scrubs of 
the C^-ns district (lat. 15°). These two migrations are still readily defined, and were no doubt more 
slrougly mai-ked a himdved years ago. Localities such as Sydney and Maekay, and in lesser degree the 
Uarenee Kner and the Cairns scrub district, form definite points where the Aveakening of the New 
huiuea element m our Rhopalocerous fauna is evident. 
u dealing ivith the yet older Australian butterfiies of this family the question is not quite so 
simple. Our most ancient Papilio is P. madeayaniiSy aud this is found all along the eastern coast and 
lasmania. It ma 3 ’ have reached Australia from New Guinea, but more iirobably has extended 
e i\ew bumea from Australia: it is more abundant at an elevation of 1000ft. and over than near sea- 
level, aud the only allied species is the mountain P. weiskei of New Guinea. P. anacius and P. leosthenes 
are eon ned to Australia, but both ajipear to be slowl 3 ^ extending their range northward so may 
eventually reach New Guinea: it is only within the last few years that both these species have been taken 
larther north than Maekay. 
P. demolens sthenelus, which favours the drier interior and is but an occasional visitor to the east 
(oas, las reaclmd us b}" wa 3 ^ of Timor, and has gradually spread over the Avhole continent, and thence to 
southern Aew Guinea. P. fusciis canopusy P. enrypylm nyctiniiis and M. liris, together Avith Cetliosia 
penthesileiij Atella pJiaJanta and Ilypoliinnas antilope j haA^e come by the same route and have not 
spread westAvards from the east coast. They are confined to a relatively small area Avhich probably 
contains other forms agreeing witli those of the Avestorn rather than the eastern section of the Malay 
Archipelago. On tlie other hand, E. cressida cassandra has spread to DarAvin from the east coast. 
Key to the Genera of PAPILIONIDAE. 
A. \ein 9 of forewing from subcostal Avell before end of cell. 
B. ^ ein 9 of forcAving from subcostal at end of cell. 
a. Anal A^alves Avell deA^eloped in the male. 
h. Anal valves not deA'eloped in the male, 
ah Porewing transparent; female Avith a sphragis after fertilization 
lorewing opaque: female Avithout a sphragis (seal) . 
Troides. 
Papilio. 
Euryciis. 
Menelaides. 
Genus TROIDES Hubner. 
Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterliugo, p. 88, 1816: Rothschild, NoA'itates Zoologieae, 1895, 183. 
Antennae about half the length of costa. ForeAving long and narroAV ; A^ein 11 free: vein 11 and 
^em 10 from outer half of subcostal: A’oin 9 from subcostal aa'cII before end of cell: A^ein 8 stalked Avith 
'em {, but stalk short: A'ein 6 equidistant at base from vein 5 aud from A’ein 7: vein la and median 
joined by erossA^ein near base: vein lb ])resent. HiiidAving rounded: A'ein lb absent: iirecostal A’ein and 
piecostal cell present. Male Avith a long and broad sexmark betAveen A’ein la and vein 4 of foreAving 
above: abdominal fold of hindAving Avith long hairs; anal A’ah’es very prominent. 
