668 
THE LIVING WORLD. 
lemurs. These animals come nearer than others to an actual resemblance t< 
man, and yet, when examined with reference to structure, and not simply witl 
regard to superficial resemblances, they are as easily separable as the lowesi 
of animal organizations. The following scheme may simplify matters for oui 
readers : 
QUADRUMANA, OR FOUR-HANDED ANIMALS. 
Hands, not paws or feet : Thumbs generally, but not always opposable, 
Teeth : Four incisors above and below; molars like those of a human 
being and five above and five below (American monkeys have six instead 
of five) ; canines project 
from the least degree no¬ 
ticeable to very tusk-like 
protuberances. 
Nails : Flat and stretched out. 
Centre of gravity always such 
as to prevent a perfectly 
upright position when 
moving. 
Nostrils, anterior in Old 
W orld species (down 
nose) : lateral in Ameri¬ 
can (flat nose). 
Callosities and pouches 
absent in American mon¬ 
keys. 
Highest —Chimpanzee: Skull 
changes from human 
shape to that of the 
baboon. Can walk erect, 
use knife and fork, do 
domestic service of a 
chambermaid, build 
kitchen fires, unfurl 
sails, turn capstans, 
heave anchors, learn 
„ rights and lefts of shoes 
chimpanzee eating with a SPOON. j 
and gloves. 
Second Highest —Gorilla : Quadrupedal j elongated arms. 
Third Highest —Orang-outang. 
Fourth Highest —Gibbon: Callosities like monkeys; pouched and tailless 
like apes. 
The Primates (highest class animals) are distinguished from other 
orders by mental peculiarities, as well as by anatomical structure, but the natu¬ 
ralists by profession prefer to confine their attention to physical organization 
alone. It is the most recent usage to make man a class by himself, so that 
for the ends sought by The Living World, primates will be confined to the 
four-handed animals, or quadrumana. The anatomical peculiarities are opposable 
thumbs, shoulder-blades, nails rather than claws, orbits of the head enclosed in 
