PINE FAMILY 
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very slender, 2.4 to 9 cm. long; cones in pendulous clusters of 1 to 7, 
rather soft, 1.4 to 2 dm. long.—High montane, Sierra Nevada. The 
wood is similar in quality to Sugar Pine wood. 
2. P. lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 20 to 60 m. high, 1 to 2 
m. in diameter; leaves in 5s; cones cylindrical, 2.4 to 4.5 dm. long, pen¬ 
dent from the ends of the horizontally spreading branches.—Higher 
mountain ranges. The wood is soft, light, straight-grained and very 
white and satiny when finished. It has a high commercial value and is 
rapidy becoming scarce. 
3. P. coulteri Don. Big-Cone Pine. Tree 11 to 25 m. high with long 
lower branches; needles in 3s; cones long-ovate, 2.4 to 3.1 dm. long, 
breaking near the base when falling like cone of Yellow Pine.—Mts. of 
S. Cal. A useful species for watershed cover. 
4. P. sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine. Tree 5 to 17 m. high, the main 
stem freely branching; leaves drooping; cones on short peduncles, oval. 
1.4 to 2.4 dm. long.—Dry foothills around the Great Valley. The wood is 
heavy, coarse-grained, very resinous and warps in seasoning. It is much 
used for fuel. 
5. P. ponderosa Dougl. Yellow Pine. Tree 17 to 57 m. high or 
more; bark fissured into large plates; leaves in 3s; cones oval, 7 to 12 cm. 
long, breaking near the base when falling, some of the lower scales per¬ 
sistent on the stem.—Mountain slopes, abundant and widely spread. The 
wood is fine- and straight-grained, heavy or sometimes light, usually very 
resinous, pale yellow or reddish yellow. It is extensively used as a struc¬ 
tural timber. 
6. P. contorta Dougl. Beach Pine. Low tree 1 to 5 m. high; cones 
narrow, 3.6 to 6 cm. long.—Sea cliffs and beaches, Mendocino Co. and n. 
Var. murrayana Engelm. Tamrac Pine. Tree 11 to 35 m. high; bark 
very thin.—Sierra Nevada at higher altitudes, often in swampy meadows. 
Its wood is not highly esteemed but it will come into use as a substitute 
timber. 
7 P. muricata Don. Bishop Pine. Tree 11 to 23 m. high; cones 
broadly ovate, 4.8 to 7 cm. long, in persistent circles.—Local along the 
coast, Mendocino Co., Pt. Reyes, Monterey. 
8. P. radiata Don. Monterey Pine. Tree 7 to 28 m. high with 
dark bark; cones oval, very one-sided, 7.2 to 12 cm. long.—Monterey; 
Santa Cruz coast. This tree is extensively planted for slope cover and 
for shelter. Its wood is used for boxes. 
9. P. tuberculata Gord. Knob-Cone Pine. Tree 1 to 8 m. high; 
cones narrowly ovate, 7 to 14 cm. long, forming persistent circles; scales 
on outside towards.the base with conspicuous knobs.—Rocky slopes in 
the mountains, localized at middle altitudes. 
2. PICEA Link. Spruce 
Trees with linear leaves. Leaves spreading on all sides, eventually 
falling and leaving a persistent woody base or peg. Cones maturing first 
autumn, pendent. Scales thin, with shorter bracts. (Picea, ancient Latin 
name, from pix, pitch.) 
1. P. sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce. Tree 23 to 
