Division I. — GYMNOSPERMAE 
PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY 
Trees or shrubs, ours evergreen, with .resinous juice. Leaves needle- 
shaped, linear or awl-shaped. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, 
the flowers in cone-like catkins, without calyx or corolla. Fruit a woody 
cone or sometimes berry-like.—Species about 120, confined to the northern 
hemisphere, where they are especially characteristic of northerly lati¬ 
tudes or subalpine habitats, thus, in general, favoring the more inhos¬ 
pitable regions of the earth. As timber trees they are for certain quali¬ 
ties not equaled by any other family. 
Cones pendent or spreading, falling from the tree whole, the scales persistent. 
Needle-leaves in fascicles; cones maturing second year; bracts minute. 
1. Pinus. 
Leaves linear; cones maturing first year; bracts obvious, often conspicuous. 
Bracts shorter than scales; leaf bases persistent as a peg.2. Picea. 
Bracts longer than scales ; leaf scars smooth.3. Pseudotsuga. 
Cones erect, maturing first year, scales falling separately.4. Abies. 
1. PINUS L. Pine 
Trees with the leaves needle-like and in clusters of 2 to 5, surrounded 
at base by scarious bud-scales. Cones maturing in the second year, the 
scales becoming woody and thickened, the bract remaining small and in¬ 
significant. Seeds 2 at the base of each scale. (Latin name of the pine.) 
Needles in 5s ; tips of the cone-scales not thickened, not armed with a prickle ; 
cones long-stalked. 
Needles 2.4 to 9 cm. long; cones 1.4 to 1.9 dm. long.1. P. monticola. 
Needles 4.8 to 8.4 cm. long; cones 3 to 4.3 dm. long.2. P. lambertiana. 
Needles not in 5s; tips of the cone-scale thickened and armed with a spine or 
prickle; cones sessile or sliort-stalked. 
Cones breaking through near the base, the lower scales persistent on the tree ; 
needles in 3s. 
Cone-scales developed at tip into long spreading talon-like claws or spurs. 
Cones long-ovate, 2.4 to 3 dm. long; needles erect, 1.2 to 3.3 dm. 
long; trunk persisting through crown as one main axis; 
foliage yellowish.3. P. couiteri. 
Cones round-oval, 1.4 to 2.4 dm. long: needles drooping, 1.6 to 3.2 
dm. long; trunk branching into several secondary axes; 
foliage gray.4. P. sabiniana. 
Cone-scales spiny or prickly, but not developing talon-like spurs; cones 
ovate, 7.2 to 12 cm. long; needles 1.2 to 2.4 dm. long. 
5. P. ponderosa. 
Cones not breaking through near the base. 
Cones opening in the fall after ripening or sometimes tardily opening; 
cones .2.4 to 4.2 cm. long: needles in 2s.6. P. contorta. 
Cones remaining closed and persistent for many years. 
Needles in 2s; cones broadly ovate, 4.8 to 7.2 cm.' long, often 
developing stout spurs; seashore.7. P. muricata. 
Needles in 3s. 
Cones broadly ovoid, 6 to 10.8 cm. long; seashore....8. P. radicita. 
Cones oblong-ovate, 7.2 to 14.4 cm. long; montane. 
9. P. tuberculata. 
L P. monticola Don. Silver Pine. Tree 15 to 50 m. high; needles 
