SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES. 
L GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Ovules naked, not inclosed in an ovary; true flowers none, the stamens 
and ovules in catkin-like clusters; cone-bearing trees or shrubs, ours 
evergreen; leaves mostly needle-like or awl-like. 
Fruit a woody cone, containing several to many seeds. 
Cone-scales overlapping, with a bract at base on lower side; leaves 
needle-like or narrowly linear; seeds 2 to each scale, bear¬ 
ing a thin wing. Pinaceae, p. 26. 
Cone-scales without bracts. 
Leaves linear and 2-ranked in flat sprays, or awl-like and dis¬ 
posed all around the branehlet; cone-scales not over¬ 
lapping, with broad summits; seeds 2 to 9 to each scale, 
not winged. Taxodiaceae, p. 28. 
Leaves minute and scale-like, thickly clothing the branchlets; 
cone-scales overlapping, or not and with broad sum¬ 
mits; seeds 1 to several to each scale, winged or wind¬ 
less...CuPRESSACEAE, p. 29. 
Fruit berry-like or drupe-like, 1-seeded ; leaves linear, in flat sprays. 
Taxaceae, p. 30. 
II. ANGIOSPERMAE. 
Ovules enclosed in a sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit and en¬ 
closes the seed; cotyledons 1 or 2; plants with true flowers, typically 
with an abbreviated stem (receptacle) bearing regular whorls of floral 
envelopes and stamens and pistils. 
Class I.—DICOTYLEDONS 
Parts of the flower usually in 5s or 4s; leaves mostly netted-veined; 
vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem, when peren¬ 
nial, increasing in girth by annual layers; embryo with 2 cotyledons; 
tap-roots present in most cases. 
I. APETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla wanting; calyx her¬ 
baceous, often corolla-like, sometimes wanting. 
A. Flowers in catkins (dense scaly spikes) ; trees or shrubs. 
Leaves opposite ; flowers dioecious, 1 to 3 in each axil of the connate 
bracts. Garryaceae, p. 112. 
Leaves alternate. 
Leaves simple. 
Both kinds of flowers in catkins. 
