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RUBIACEAE 
1. P. lanceolata L. English Plantain. Ribwort. Leaves lanceo¬ 
late and strongly 3 to 5-ribbed, mostly hairy: stem longer than the 
leaves, 1.5 to 4 dm. high; soike short-cylindrical, 1.8 to 4.8 cm. long; 
sepals scarious.—Nat. from Eur. 
2. P. major L. Common Plantain. Leaves round-ovate, glabrous, 
marked with 5 to 7 prominent ribs, often toothed; stem proper not as 
long as the leaves, bearing an elongated spike 7.2 to 14.4 cm. long; sepals 
scarious with green center.—Low fields and waste places, nat. from Eur. 
It has followed quickly upon the white settler in his settlements everv- 
where westward across the continent and the Red Indian therefore calls 
it White Man's Foot. 
3. P. erecta Morris. Silky pubescent, 9.6 to 12 cm. high; leaves 
narrowly linear to oblanceolate, commonly shorter than the stems; spikes 
dense, oblong or even head-like; sepals scarious, with a broadly linear 
central portion; stamens 4; capsule 2-seeded.—Low hills and valleys. 
4. P. bigelovii Gray. Stems 7 to 12 cm. high; herbage very slightly 
hairy; leaves linear or thread-like, commonly shorter than the stems 
which bear narrowly linear spikes; stamens 2; capsule 4-seeded, the 
seeds winged at one end.—Alkaline fields. 
RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY 
Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers perfect 
or polygamous, rarely unisexual. Corolla commonly 4-lobed. Stamens 
4. Calyx adnate to the ovary.—This is a very large natural family con¬ 
sisting of 4500 species distributed in all parts of the earth. It is im¬ 
portant economically as including Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Quinine 
(Cinchona officinalis L., C. ledgeriana Moens, and other species), Ipecac 
(Uragoga ipecacuanha Baill.) and other plants. 
Herbs (or only slightly woody) ; flowers in cymes or solitary; corolla rotate. 
1. Galium. 
Shrubs; flowers in globose heads; corolla funnelform.2. Cephalanthus. 
1. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers 
Mostly herbs with slender square stems. Flowers cymose. Ovary 2- 
lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovuled; styles 2. (Greek gala, milk, certain species 
being used to curdle milk.) 
Leaves 6 to 8 in a whorl; coarse plants, mostly simple, erect, or reclining and 
diffuse. 
Annual, with a taproot; fruit densely hispid with short hooked bristles. 
1. G. aparine. 
Perennial, from slender creeping rootstocks; fruit densely white-hispid with 
long hairs...2. G. triflorum. 
Leaves 4 in a whorl; perennial with woody rootstocks. 
Plants forming low dense tufts, 4.8 to 12 cm. high ; flowers solitary or in 
3s; leaves narrowly linear-subulate, acerose, glabrous. 
3. G. andrewsii. 
Plants with the stems more open, always taller ; flowers, at least the fertile, 
solitary; leaves mostly ovate to oblong. 
Stems slender at the base, 7 to 19 cm. long; herbage hispid-ciliate. 
4. G. californicum. 
Stems often coarsely woody at base, 5 to 14 dm. long, climbing; herbage 
glabrous to decidedly scabrous.5. G. nuttallii. 
