SUNFLOWER FAMILY 
155 
Pappus of several caducous awns or bristles; heads large and 
gummy; leaves not narrow, mostly serrate ; perennial herbs. .. 
1. Grindelia. 
Pappus of persistent bristles. 
Ray-achenes without pappus or the pappus a reduced crown. 
2. Heterotheca. 
Ray-achenes (when present) with pappus like that of disk. 
Herbs ; rays present; pappus dull white.3. Solidago. 
Evergreen shrubs; rays present or absent: pappus in age 
reddish. 4. Ericameria. 
Flowers of the disk yellow (sometimes changing to purple); rays never 
yellow. 
Bracts of the involucre mostly in 2 or more series, usually with her¬ 
baceous tips; rays usually numerous; perennial or annual 
herbs....5. Aster. 
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series, without distinctly herbaceous 
tips ; rays very numerous and narrow ; perennial or biennial 
herbs.....6. Erigerox. 
Rays none; flowers whitish or yellowish, dioecious; mostly shrubs. 
7. Baccharis. 
Rays none ; pappus of capillary bristles ; anthers caudate at base ; style-branches 
naked ; herbage mostly white-woolly ; leaves alternate, entire ; heads small: 
bracts of the involucre scarious; pistillate flowers mostly with filiform 
corollas.— Inuleae (Everlasting Tribe). 
Flowers dioecious; involucral bracts white.8. Anaphalis. 
Flowers all fertile, perfect and pistillate in the same head ; involucral bracts 
white, pink or purplish.9. Gnaphalium. 
II. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged or with a ring 
OF BRISTLES BELOW. 
1. Receptacle with chaffy bracts or naked; anthers mostly rounded at the base. 
Pappus not hair-like. 
Involucral bracts not scarious. 
Receptacle with chaffy bracts. 
Rays present; disk-flowers perfect. 
Involucre of 1 to several series of bracts, none enfolding ray- 
achenes ; involucral bracts herbaceous or foliaceous ; re¬ 
ceptacle very chaffy; leaves mostly opposite or basal; 
pappus paleacous, of rigid awns, or cup-like; style- 
branches truncate or hairy-appendaged; anthers not 
caudate.—H eliantheae (Sunflower Tribe). 
Bracts of the involucre in several series; leaves broad: 
achenes thick, not wing-margined. 
. Ray-flowers maturing achenes; low perennials with 
broad basal leaves..10. Wyethia. 
Ray L flowers not maturing achenes; tall annuals or 
perennials with alternate leaves. 
11. Helianthus, 
Bracts of the involucre in a dissimilar series ; leaves chiefly 
basal or alternate, dissected into narrowly linear or 
filiform lobes; achenes flattened, more or less wing- 
margined...12. Coreopsis. 
Involucre of 1 series of equal bracts each enfolding a ray achene ; 
bracts of receptacle often in 1 series between ray and 
disk; leaves alternate or opposite; herbage glandular, 
viscid; ray-achenes without pappus, that of disk-achenes 
paleaceous, awn-like or none ; styles and anthers as in 
Heliantheae.— Madieae (Tarweed. Tribe). 
Ray-achenes laterally compressed, completely enfolded by the 
deeply sulcate bracts of the involucre, which are 
strongly carinate on the back.13. Madia. 
Ray-achenes turgid, obcornpressed or clavate. 
