566 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
May 2, 1896. 
flower pots, but not for seeds, which were customarily 
signed by the witness, During his second engage¬ 
ment he did not remember a conversation with Sir 
William, in which the latter said the witness was 
never again to order seeds from the plaintiff. 
Henry Williams, examined by Mr. Butcher, said 
that during the season quite half the orders received 
by nurserymen all over the country were signed by 
head gardeners. This was a well-established custom 
recognised by the principals. The latter rarely sent 
personal orders, except in the case of small estates. 
Witness had never received any instructions from 
Sir William not to supply seeds except to his 
written order. Had witness received such an 
instruction he would have entered it in his bcok. 
Cross-examined by Mr. Johnson — He had never 
received a letter dated January 27th, 1887, purport¬ 
ing to warn the witness not to supply seeds except 
to Sir William’s personal order. He had had some 
trouble with Sir William in 1892, but sued him in 
the County Court and recovered the amount of his 
claim. This was in respect of orders which had been 
signed by Symes, Cornwall’s successor in 1890. 
Sir. Wm. Vavasour, Bart., said he now lived 
almost entirely in London. He had settled at 
Hazelwood Castle when he engaged Cornwall. He 
never authorised Cornwall to send orders on his 
account without his (witness’s) signature. That was 
a liberty he never allowed even his agent to take, as, 
being a business man, he knew the value of being 
methodical. Moreover, his orders on the subject 
were well known to everybody about the place. 
When Cornwall returned to his employment after he 
had been sued by Williams, he asked witness if he 
should get seeds from the plaintiff, and witness said, 
“ Certainly not, after the way in which they have 
treated me." He never knew that Symes had issued 
orders for seeds. It was the price of those seeds 
which formed the subject of the former action. This 
he would have defended but for the fact that his 
affairs at that time were not in his own hands. 
Mr. Johnson argued that there was no such 
custom as that for which the plaintiff contended, 
namely, that head gardeners may issue orders on 
behalf of their employers. The question here was 
one merely of evidence and not of custom. Where, a 
in this case, a servant got specific instructions from 
his master not to get goods on credit, he had no right 
to do so, and those who dealt with him did so at their 
own risk. Were it otherwise there would be no limit 
to the number of actions which might be brought 
against masters. 
Mr. Butcher contended that as Cornwall had 
originally asked the defendant whether he could 
have seeds from plaintiff and defendant had con¬ 
sented, and sent the order to him without any 
directions not to execute orders sent by his gardeners 
except upon his written authority, and as numerous 
previous orders had been sent by the gardeners and 
executed, and defendant had paid for the same, it 
was not sufficient for him to forbid Cornwall sending 
further orders to plaintiff, but that he should have 
given plaintiff notice not to execute further orders 
sent by his gardeners ; and the defendant was bound 
by the orders given by his servants within the scope 
of their employment. 
His Honour, while agreeing that there was a ques¬ 
tion of evidence and not of custom, was of opinion 
that the plaintiff was entitled to recover on the 
ground that the long course of dealing between the 
parties showed that, in respect of garden seeds, the 
head gardener had authority to send to the plaintiff 
for them. He thought the plaintiff was justified in 
considering that defendant’s gardener was the 
person who from time to time indicated what seeds 
were wanted and who was deputed by the defendant 
to order them. His Honour accordingly gave 
judgment for the amount claimed, with costs. 
-- 
Questions add AosmeRS 
*,* Will our friends who send us newspapers he so good 
as to mark the paragraphs or articles they wish us to see 
We shall be greatly obliged by their so doing. 
Sea Sand for Lawns . —Shore : We do not advocate 
the liberal use of sand in the way you mention for 
the improvement of lawns. Neither can we see 
what is the use of getting sand from the seashore, 
except in a small way for the improvement of heavy 
clay lands and to act as a dressing of lime. We 
have known farm lands to be injured by the use of 
seaweed carrying with it sand from the seashore. 
There is sand and sand, however, and that to which 
we refer consists of shells broken up ver 7 fire by the 
action of the sea. To fill up the holes in your lawn 
with this would, in our opinion, destroy it altogether. 
You did not tell us whether the soil was clay and 
heavy or wet. What we should advise is simply 
this : wait till autumn, seeing that the season is so 
far advanced. Then you can lift the turf and dig 
the soil all over evenly, at the same time filling the 
holes or levelling the ground generally. If the 
ground wants draining see to that first. Then if 
heavy give it a dressing of the sand, digging it over 
and mixing the soil and sand evenly in the operation. 
Tread the whole ground down evenly, rake it, and 
then lay the turf, which should be beaten or rolled 
firm. See pp. 481 and 498 of The Gardening 
World, for an article on landscape work and the 
danger of using sea sand. 
Cutting Asparagus— Omicron : In your part of 
the country we should leave off cutting after the 
first or second week in June. If you can afford to 
cease cutting at the end of May it will be all the 
better for next year’s crop. The idea to bear in 
mind is to leave plenty of time for the plants to 
make a vigorous growth before the end of the grow¬ 
ing season. Some gardeners continue cutting the 
shoots of Asparagus till the early Peas are ready to 
gather. 
Liquid Manure for Fruit Trees.— T. B. W. : 
Rather than apply it now you should wait till the 
young fruits are about the size of marbles in the case 
of Apples and Pears. After then copious supplies of 
water once a week with liquid manure would 
stimulate the trees greatly, and cause the fruits to 
swell wonderfully towards the end of summer and in 
early autumn. Of course, if you want size more 
especially you must limit the number of fruits by 
thinning where they happen to be crowded. Young 
Apples upon the English Paradise and Pears upon 
the Quince stock, having their roots near the surface, 
will respond much more readily to the action of 
liquid manure, than large, old, and deeply-rooted 
trees. Loosen up the surface soil with a fork and 
place a mulching of farmyard manure over the 
roots, after which the soil will absorb the water 
freely. 
Propagating Berberis Darwini.— F. A. C.: 
Occasionally you might be able to detach some 
suckers furnished with roots. The operation could 
be performed in autumn or in March. A readier 
method, however, is to collect the berries when they 
are mature, squeeze out the seeds and sow them at 
once in a box, irame, or even in the open ground. 
In the latter case you could protect the bed with 
some rank litter, or an old mat or two during winter, 
removing the coverings in March, The seedlings 
should make their appearance during the early part 
of the following summer. They would not come 
into bloom so early as plants raised from suckers, 
but they would generally make better and more 
healthy bushes. 
Names of Plants.— H. J.: x, Anemone nemorosa 
bracteata plena; 2, Pulmonaria augustifolia; 3, 
Dielytra spectabilis ; 4, Kerria japonica (lore pleno. 
— A. L. G. : i, Berberis Darwinii; 2, Berberis steno- 
ph\lla; 3, Prunus cerasifera Pissardi.— IV. S. \ 
1, Dendrobium crepidatum ; 2, D. linguiforme.— 
Omicron : The Barrenwort (Epimedium pinnatum) 
judging from the leaf, but you should have sent 
flowers along with it.— T. M. : 1, O lontoglossum 
sanderianum; 2, Epidendrum Wallisii.— J. T. : 
1, Laelia purpurata, a fairly good variety, but 
nothing extra; 2, Oncidium sphacelatum; 3, 
Maxillaria tenuifolia. 
Cutting Raspberry Canes.— Omicron : Raspberry 
canes planted last November should have been cut 
back by the beginning of March at least. If the 
canes are strong, and they have commenced growing 
strongly at the top, it would prove a great waste of 
their resources to cut them down now. In order to 
induce them to send up young canes we should cut 
them back half their length, or say to 2J ft. or 3 ft. of 
the ground, according to their strength. Then pinch 
the stronger shoots to prevent their flowering. 
These are unusual methods of procedure, and we 
only advocate them to encourage the development of 
young canes. With such a mild winter as the past the 
canes might have been cut within a foot of the 
ground when they were planted. They sometimes 
lose a year's time by cutting them back late or not 
at all in the case of newly-planted canes. 
Communications Received.—Dobbie & Co.— J. 
T. Gilbert—W P. T.—W. L.—William Falconer. 
—E. Koffman.—H. Low & Co.—Stuart.—John 
Crook.—W. D.—A. L. C.—N. York.—B. A.—X.— 
Enquirer.—L. F.—J Johnson.—W. Stukey.—H. 
Tillson. 
-*+»-- 
TRADE CATALOGUE RECEIVED- 
Thos. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, 
London.—Catalogue of new and other Dahlias and 
Begonias. 
-—— 
LONDON SEED TRADE. 
April 28 th, 1896. 
Messrs. Hurst & Son, 152, Houndsditch, and 
39, Seed Market, Mark Lane, report a brisk demand 
for Clovers and Grasses. Red Clover and Trefoil 
realise higher prices. Alsike and White Clover 
steady. Rape seed dull. Ryegrasses firm. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET 
April 29 th, 1896 . 
Fruit.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
1. d t. d. 
Apples......per bushel 20 46 
Nova Scotia Apples 
per barrel 13 o 17 o 
Cob Nuts and Fil¬ 
berts, per 100 lbs.30 0 
s. d. s. d 
New Grapes, per lb. 16 50 
Pine-apples. 
—St. Mlohael’s each 26 60 
Strawberries, per lb. 4 o 60 
Tasmanian Apples, 
per case 10 0 12 o 
Vegetables.—Average Wholesale Prices 
1. d. 1, d. 
ArtichobesGlobedoz. 20 30 
Asparagus,per bundle 20 50 
Beans, French, perlb. 09 13 
Beet.per dozen 20 30 
Brussel Sprouls, 
per half sieve 
Cabbages ... per doz. 10 13 
Carrots ... per bunch 0 3 
Cauliflowers.doz. 20 30 
Celery.per bu-dle 1 o 
Cucumbers per doz. 20 36 
Endive, French, djz. 1 6 
1. d. s. d 
Herbs .per bunch 02 00 
Horse Radish, bundle 20 40 
Lettuces ...per dozen 1 3 
Mushrooms, p.basket 10 16 
Onions.per bunoh 04 06 
Parsley ... per bunch 0 3 
Radishes... per dozen 1 6 
Seakale...per basket 16 29 
Smallsalading,punnet 0 4 
Spinach per bushel 20 23 
Tomatos. per lb. 0 6 13 
Turnips..per bun. 3 0 
1. d. 
Azalea, doz. sprays ...0 4 
Arum Lilies. 12 Oims. 2 0 
Asparagus Fern, bun. 2 0 
Bouvardlas, per bun. 0 6 
Carnations doz.blms. 1 6 
Daffodils, doz. bchs... 1 6 
Euonarls ...per doz 1 6 
Gardenias ...per doz. 2 6 
Geranium, scarlet, 
doz. bunches 4 o 
Hyacinth (Dutch)var- 
ious, per box 1 6 
Llllum longiflorum 
per doz. 3 o 
Lily ot the Valley, 
doz. sprays o 6 
Marguerites. 12 bun. 1 6 
Ma,lenualrFern.izbs.4 0 
Narciss, various, 
doz. bch. 1 6 
Orchids, doz. blooms 1 6 
Pelargoniums,12 bun. 6 0 
Parme Violet (French) 
per bunch 3 0 
Polyanthus, doz. bch. 1 o 
S. d 
0 £ Primula, double, doz. 
4 o sprays 0 6 
3 0 Pyrethrum doz. bun. 2 0 
1 0 Roses (indoor), doz. 1 0 
30 „ Tea,white, doz. 1 6 
60 „ Niels . 2 0 
26 ,, Safrano 
4 0 (English), doz. ... 1 6 
Red Roses, doz.1 6 
6 0 Pink Roses, doz. 3 0 
Smilax, per bunch ... 3 6 
4 o Stephanotis, doz. 
sprays .6 o 
5 0 Tulips, doz. blooms ...o 4 
Tuheroses, doz. 
1 o ' blooms .o 9 
3 0 Violets, doz. bunches 0 9 
60 „ Czar (French) 
per bch.... 2 6 
4 o' „ Victoria(Fnch) 
12 o doz. bch.... 1 o 
9 0 Wallflower, doz. bch. 1 o 
White Lilac (French 
4 o per bunch 3 o 
3 0 
Cut Flowers.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
s. d. 
s. d. 
1 o 
4 0 
2 0 
2 6 
4 0 
2 0 
4 ° 
6 o 
6 o 
9 o 
o 6 
1 0 
1 o 
3 0 
1 6 
3 0 
5 ° 
Plants is Pots.—Average Wholesale Prices 
I. d. ». d. 
Arbor Vitae (golden) 
per doz. 60120 
Aspidistra, doz. 18 0 36 0 
„ specimen 30 50 
Arum Lilies, per doz. 60 90 
Cyclamen, per doz ...9 o 15 0 
Cineraria, per doz.... 60 go 
Diacaena, various, 
per doz. 12 o 30 0 
Dracaena virldls.doz. 9 0 18 0 
Erica,various,per doz.9 0 54 0 
Euonymus. var. doz. 0 0 18 o 
Evot greens.Invar.doz 6 0 24 0 
F-r is. invar.,per doz. 4 0 12 c 
Ferns, small, per 100 4 0 6 s 
1. d. 1. d. 
Ficus elastica, each 10 50 
Foliage Plants, var., 
each 10 50 
Genista, per doz. ... 6 o 12 0 
Hydrangea, various, 
per doz. 9 0 24 0 
Liliums, various doz. 12 o 24 0 
Lycopodiums, doz. 30 40 
Marguerite Daisy doz 6 0 12 0 
Myrtles, doz. 60 90 
Mignonette . 60 90 
Palms in variety,each 1 o 15 0 
Palms, Specimen ...21 0 63 o 
Rcses, various. 9 o 18 o 
Spiraea, per doz. 60 go 
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS 
Auction Sales. 
Protheroe & Morris. 554 
Catalogues. 
Barr & Son .553 
M. Cuthbertson .553 
J. Forbes.553 
Chrysanthemums. 
H. J. Jones.555 
Florists’ Flowers. 
T. Bones.553 
J. Cheal & Sons .555 
T. Cripps & Son.555 
M. Cuthbertson .555 
J. Forbes.....-:.555 
J. Galvin.553 
W. J. Godfrey .555 
H. J Jones.555 
J. Welis .553 
Young & Dobinson.555 
Flower Pots. 
Sankey & Sons, Ltd.568 
Garden Sundries, &c. 
J. Arnold..568 
Corry & Co. 553 
Epps & Co.554 
Hirst, Brooke & Hirst.... 553 
Jadoo Fibre .553 
A. Potter.568 
H. G. Smyth .553 
A. Wasilieff .553 
Hardy Plants. 
J. Forbes.555 
Heating Apparatus. 
Messenger & Co.554 
Thames Bank Iron Co... 568 
Horticultural Builders. 
J. Boyd & Sons. 
W. Cooper, Ltd.. 
....568 
J. Gray. 
W. Richardson & Co... 
—554 
J. Weeks & Co. 
Hose. 
W. Cooper. 
A. Potter. 
Insecticides. 
Corry & Co. —. 
Gishurst Compound ... 
-553 
Nicotine Soap . 
Lawn Mowers. 
W. Cooper.568 
Ransomrs, Sims and 
Jefferies.554 
Manures. 
C. Beeson .553 
W. H. Beeson .553 
Clay & Son...56S 
W. Colchester.553 
Native Guano Co.553 
Standen’s .554 
W. Thomson & Sons ...554 
Miscellaneous. 
Bees...535 
Epps’s Cocoa .567 
Gishurstine .553 
Juno Cycles .567 
A. Outram . 554 
Porter's Crocks .553 
Tents .553 
Netting. 
W. Cooper, Ltd.568 
A. Potter.568 
Orchids. 
J. Cypher .555 
W. L. Lewis & Co.553 
P. McArthur.553 
F. Sander & Co.553 
Palms, &c. 
Iceton.555 
Publications. 
Gardening World.567 
Roses. 
J. Cowan & Co .555 
Seeds. 
Barr & Son .553 
J. Forbes .— ...554 
Kennelly.553 
Sutton & Sons.553 
Witton & Co.553 
Strawberries. 
S. Hamilton .553 
W. Horne .553 
Yines. 
J. Cowan & Co.555 
SCALE OF CHARGES FOR ADVERTISEMENTS 
Small Advertisements, solid type, 6d. per line of about nine 
words. Displayed Advertisements, per inch, 6s.; per column 
(12 ins. long), £3 5s.; per halfpage, £3 ; per page, £9. Special 
quotations given for a series. Gardeners and others Wanting 
Situations thirty words for is. 6d., prepaid. 
