October 5, 1889. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
75 
variegata, Cephalotaxus Forlunei, and Dimorplianthus 
mandschuricus have all a beauty of tlieir own. Around 
the margin of the water are masses of the "White 
Willow, the Buckthorn (Hippophce rhamnoides), 
the deciduous Cypress (Taxodiutn distichum), the 
Weeping Sophora (S. japonica pendula), and others. 
Aueubas, Japan Euonymus, Phillyrrea media, and 
others are planted freely amongst the rocky places. 
The glades here and there between the trees furnish 
fine views, and along one of the ravines or hollows a 
large quantity of Anemone japonica is planted. Here 
and there one meets with huge bushes of Polygonum 
cuspidatum in full bloom ; and occasionally large beds 
of Cannas about 4 ft. in height, having bronzy purple 
and green foliage, well relieved with crimson, scarlet, 
and yellow flowers. 
Pere la Chaise. 
As already stated, this is a huge necropolis, literally 
crowded with tombs and tombstones of all conceivable 
shapes and sizes. It is the finest of the numerous 
cemeteries in and around Paris, and should be visited 
by those who can spare the time, as it will give an idea 
of how our continental neighbours venerate the memory 
of the dead. This can hardly be said of the Commu¬ 
nists who in 1871 took up their quarters here when 
driven from the city, though here their cause may be said 
to have expired. They used the tombs as dwell- 
ng houses, and fiom this point of vantage hurled 
their shells down upon the city, and were in turn 
bombarded, while the tombstones suffered consider¬ 
able injury. Although the cemetery is excessively 
crowded there are several well-kept walks leading 
through it bordered with plants, and having flower¬ 
beds here and there filled with many of the subjects 
that are so popular in the numerous public parks and 
gardens. The place is also intersperse! with numerous 
ornamental trees, usually, however, of no great height. 
Nearly 200 acres are covered with monuments of one 
kind or other to the number of 15,000, costing in the 
aggregate about £5,000,000. 
Jardin des Tuileries and Champs EltsiSes. 
These are open spaces in the heart of Paris, and in the 
most fashionable quarters. The former occupies an 
oblong piece of ground on the banks of the Seine, and 
is largely planted with trees in some places, while at 
others the central spaces are laid out in grass surrounded 
with flower borders, and fenced round with wire netting. 
The borders are occupied with standard Roses, Hibiscus 
syriacus in different colours, and Cannas, with a profu¬ 
sion of common flowers as a ground-work, such as 
Dahlias, Lantanas, Marguerites, Marigolds, Gaura 
Lindheimeri, and others. The latter is sometimes used 
for bedding purposes in this country, but is very pop¬ 
ular all over Paris, and is graceful and pretty as well. 
Some might feel interested in the old standard Oranges 
grown in large tubs on the gravel. They remind us of 
those at Hampton Court in this country. There are 
also old Pomegranates in tubs. The Champ3 Elysees is 
a broad open space planted with fine avenues and 
clumps of trees, with grass, flower-beds and fountains 
in different places. The most fashionable thoroughfare 
in Paris runs through the centre of it. Here and 
there, in retired places amongst beautiful surroundings 
of trees, are places of amusement, with refreshments 
(Cafes Chantants), where the people listen to singing 
and other kinds of entertainment while having their 
refreshments. The buildings are quite open at the 
sides, and therefore cool. At night these are brilliantly 
lighted up, and the effect is very attractive amongst 
the trees and flower-beds. Many of these have already 
been mentioned in connection with the Parc Monceaux. 
A bed of Begonia rex we must not omit to mention, 
the leafage being handsome and the plants healthy. 
-- 
PASTURE PLANTS. 
At the recent meeting of the British Association, 
Professor Fream read a paper on “ The Effect of Root- 
section on the Vitality of Pasture Plants.” It appears 
that in the course of some investigations into the 
herbage of old grass lands which the author carried out 
last year, turfs 9 ins. in depth were dug from a number 
of old pastures in England and Ireland, and transferred 
to one and the same place, where they were planted 
to permit of growth and convenient observation. The 
species growing upon each turf were identified, and afcer 
careful separation the specific constituents of the 
herbage were severally weighed, and the results 
tabulated. In the discussion that followed the publi¬ 
cation of the results, it was argued that certain grasses, 
conspicuous by their infrequent appearance and small 
percentages on these turfs, had been killed by cutting 
at so “shallow” a depth as 9 ins. Whilst admitting 
the established fact that certain plants send their roots 
to a considerable depth, it appeared to the author that 
some confusion had been made between root range on 
the one hand and the effects of root-section on the 
other. To settle the point at issue, the following plants 
weie selected:—Alopecurus pratensis (L.), Meadow 
Foxtail Grass; Avena elatior (L.), False Oat Grass; 
Dactylis glomerata (L.), Rough Cocksfoot Grass ; 
Elymus condensatus, Canadian Bunch Grass ; Festuca 
pratensis (Huds.), Meadow Fescue Grass; Phleum 
pratense (L.), Timothy Grass ; Trifolium pratense (L.), 
Purple or Meadow Clover ; Medicago sativa (L.), 
Lucerne; Taraxacum officinale (Web.), Dandelion; 
Achillea millefolium (L.), Milfoil or Yarrow ; Plantago 
lanceolata (L.), Ribwort or Plantain. These plants 
were dug up in early spring, their roots were well 
washed, and then the roots and root-fibres were cut 
through with scissors at various depths below the 
surface. Several specimens of each plant were taken, 
and the length of root after cutting never exceeded 3 
ins., and sometimes was as little as 1 in. The various 
specimens wero then planted out in poor soil, and they 
not only lived, but in the course of the summer they 
all came into bloom. The test was far more severe than 
in the case of the 9-in. depth of turf, where there was 
no transplanting in the true sense of the word. 
-O-Z-**- 
FRUIT SHOW AT GHENT. 
In celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 
establishment of the Cercle d'Arboriculture de Belgique, 
a Fruit Show and Conference was opened at Ghent on 
Saturday last, and brought to a close on Monday 
evening The society, which has for its object the 
promotion of fruit culture for home use and for expor¬ 
tation, had for its founders the four distinguished 
professors of the State School of Horticulture in Ghent, 
M. Pynaert, M. Van Hulle, M. Burvenich, and M. 
Rodigas, and it is pleasant to know that these gentle¬ 
men still remain its leading spirits, and most actively 
promoted the exhibition so lately held in the large 
hall of the University. The show in itself was not an 
extensive one, but included a remarkably good display 
of Apples and Pears. The former were good indeed 
considering the unfavourable character of the season, 
the samples generally being of fine size and for the 
most part well coloured ; but the Pears, contrary to all 
expectation, were much finer still ; indeed, for so large 
a number we have seldom seen a better representative 
collection got together. The show of Grapes too, for 
Belgium, was unusually good, showing a marked im¬ 
provement on what we have seen in Ghent before. 
Our friends, however, have still much to learn in 
Grape culture under glass. 
The jury assembled in the Theatre of the University 
at 11 a.m. on Saturday, when Mr. Hortoles, of 
Montpellier, was elected president, and Mr. B. "Wynne, 
secretary. In the evening the members of the jury 
were entertained at a banquet given by the society, 
and which was presided over by the genial Comte de 
Iverchove de Denterghem, who in course of the proceed¬ 
ings presented on behalf of the society a Diploma of 
Honour to Mr. De B sucker, professor of pomology at 
Antwerp, who some forty years ago was one of the first 
to advocate the establishment of the pomological 
societies in Belgium. 
Ou Sunday a conference wa3 held in the Theatre of 
the University, over which Mr. H. J. Van Hulle 
presided, the subjects discussed being summer pruning 
in general, and with special reference to the Vine, the 
development of fruit culture for export, and the best 
means of preserving and utilising surplus fruits. On 
Monday an excursion was organised for a trip to 
Menage, where M. Maree has established a vineyard, 
which is creating much interest among Belgian Grape 
growers, but the weather was exceedingly wet all day, 
and but few had sufficient courage to face the journey. 
-->X-<-- 
The Amateurs’ Garden. 
—.*- 
Pinks. 
Being quite hardy, Pinks that have been struck from 
cuttings in frames may be planted out some time this 
month in the positions where they are intended to 
flower next year. Two of the largest and best double 
white varieties for cut flowers are Her Majesty and 
Mrs. Sinkins. Both are sweet-scented, exceedingly 
floriferous, and should be added to the list of useful 
garden flowers wherever possible. The former is not 
yet very plentiful, and may be expensive ; but the 
latter is now pretty widely disseminated and popular. 
All the other varieties, with the exception of choice 
exhibition sorts, should be treated in the same way. 
Lift with as much soil a3 possible, anl by planting 
now they will get firmly established before the advent 
of winter. 
Cinerarias. 
The plants for spring flowering will now be making 
good growth, and should be potted on before the roots 
get too crowded, otherwise the plants get stunted, and 
produce but a single flower stem, with comparatively 
small and worthless heads. Use good fibrous loam 
and a little sand with some well-rotted cow manure. 
Give plenty of room between the pots so that tho 
foliage may receive the full advantage of the light, and 
place them as near the glass as possible on a bed of 
ashes. 
Vines. 
These are more frequently than otherwise allowed to 
run wild on open walls, much to the loss of good crops 
of fruit. All laterals should be cut away, in order to 
expose fruit to sun and air as much as possible. "Where 
wasps are prevalent enclose the bunches in pieces of 
thin muslin, or hangjup bottles against the wall con¬ 
taining London stout, treacle, or some other strong 
smelling liquid to allure them to destruction. Where 
mildew makes its appearance, dust the leaves and 
bunches with sulphur. Under glass the pruning system 
should be even more rigidly carried out, allowing no 
more shoots with foliage than can be properly exposed 
to light. The fruit will keep all the better if it is 
thoroughly ripe, and should it be backward now, 
a little fire heat will bring it on admirably. Guard 
against damp by leaving a little air on night and day at 
the top of the house. Any berries that are spoiling 
should be removed immediately with the scissors to 
prevent them damaging the rest, and see that the 
borders are not dust dry, otherwise the Grapes will be 
liable to shrivel. At the same time, however, no more 
watering should be given than is necessary to prevent 
the leaves flagging or the berries shrivelling. 
Bedding Calceolarias. 
With the aid of a frame and a little skill amateurs may 
save themselves the expense of getting a fresh supply 
for next year’s planting. The method of procedure is 
very simple. The first thing to be seen to is a frame. 
Over the bottom of this 4 ins. to 6 ins. of a light sandy 
compost containing a quantity of leaf-soil should be 
placed. After pressing this firm cover it with a thin 
layer of sand, which may be ordinary river sand, So 
long as it is sharp and clean. When this is done set 
about getting the cuttings, which should consist of the 
small side shoots that have not flowered. Pull them 
off with awheel, trim the base slightly with a sharp knife, 
and remove one or two of the lower leaves where neces¬ 
sary. Then with a small bluntly-pointed dibber insert 
the cuttings firmly in the soil, and give a good watering 
to settle and fix the compost well about them. Close the 
frame and shade from sunshine if necessary for a few 
days. They will afterwards require ventilation on fine 
days all through the winter to keep them sturdy and 
hardy. 
Chrysanthemums. 
It is extremely unsafe to leave Chrysanthemums any 
longer in the open ground, unless they are afforded 
protection of some sort. A light framework, with 
mats or even tiffany thrown over it, will keep off 
several degrees of frosc ; but if possible, they should be 
taken under glass in a greenhouse, conservatory, or 
whatever is most convenient. All risk will then be 
avoided, and the plants will get the benefit of all the 
available light, much to the advantage of the foliage. 
Give frequent doses of liquid manure until the buds 
commence to open. Attend to disbudding, so that the 
lateral buds may not impoverish the terminal one by 
drawing away supplies of food. Of course, if a large 
number of blooms are preferred to one on each stem, 
they cannot be expected to attain a large size. 
Watering. 
More care will now be required in watering, both in 
the greenhouse and in windows. The necessity of this 
will become more apparent as the days shorten and the 
atmospheric conditions become less favourable. All 
those subjects now going to rest will ripen their wood 
better if water is gradually withheld. In the case of 
evergreen Ferns they must not be allowed to become 
dry at any time of the year, although lesi will be 
required from now onwards till spring, simply from the 
fact that there is less evaporation. Chrysanthemums 
and all flowering and evergreen subjects must receive a 
due amount, while Fuchsias, Pelargoniums, Roses, and 
similar things may be kept moderately dry. Do the 
watering in the early morning, so that supeifluous 
moisture may be dried up before night, using no more 
than is absolutely required, to prevent damping among 
the plants in the house. 
