154 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
Xovember 9, 1889. 
ot view this particular Centenary Celebration was 
an undoubted success. As an exhibition—considered 
from a cultivator’s stand-point—it was, as might have 
been anticipated, decidedly weak, for of specimen 
plants there were none, of groups only a few really good 
ones, and of cut blooms a very mixed assemblage as 
regards quality. The principal amateurs who contri¬ 
buted groups were Baron Schroder and Mr. T. B. 
Haywood, the president of the conference, and of cut 
blooms the regular growers, among gardeners, of show 
blooms were sparely represented, among the most 
notable being Mr. Edwin Molyneux, The Gardens, 
Swanmore Park, the secretary of the Conference Com¬ 
mittee, Mr. C. Gibson, and Mr. Doughty, &c. The 
bulk of the contributions came from trade growers, whose 
productions, associated with the large collection grown 
in the gardens by Mr. Barron, made the exhibition. A 
small, but certainly not the least interesting, feature of 
the proceedings was the exhibition by the Rev. W. 
Wilks of two lovely examples of Satsuma ware, 
on which were delineated blue Chrysanthemums. 
Mr. Shirley Hibberd also exhibited a Japanese 
Cloissone jar, on which the much-debated blue variety 
was portrayed. Mr. F. W. Burbidge, Dublin, con¬ 
tributed some interesting books, including the 
Prodromus Fasciculi P.ariorum Plantarum , by Jacobo 
Breynio (temp. 1688-173), the first work in which the 
Chrysanthemum is mentioned in European literature ; 
a modern Japanese work on Birds and Flowers, in 
which the wild single yellow (Pompon) Chrysanthemum 
is figured, as also a large cultivated variety; the 
Japanese Flora (published in 20 vols,, 1874), in vol. 
xvii. of which is figured a very curious broad-petalled 
flower of the Comte de Germiny type, and a variety 
with very narrow hair-like florets, the nearest approach 
to which, that we have seen, was exhibited by Messrs. 
James Carter & Co , a small yellow-flowered variety, 
only received from Japan in July last. 
Coming now to details, we may say that Mr. Geo. 
Stevens, St. John’s Nursery, Putney, exhibited in the 
class for a representative group not to occupy more 
space than 150 sq. ft. All classes were represented, 
and a fine group it was. Good examples of Japanese 
were Avalanche, Yal d’Andorre, Stanstead Surprise, 
Ralph Brocklebank, E. Molyneux, President Hyde, 
Edouard Audiguier, and Etoile de Lyon, while the 
incurved varieties were represented by the Queen 
family, Barbara, Prince of Wales and others. He had 
also Anemone and many Pompon varieties. A splendid 
representative group, not occupying more space than 
50 sq. ft., was shown by Baron Schroder (gardener, 
Mr. H. Ballantine), The Dell, Egham. The flowers 
were of great size, and the whole group of a high order 
of merit. There were grand flowers of Elaine, Hiver 
Fleuri, Yal d’Andorre, Stanstead Surprise, Avalanche, 
Triomphe du Nord, and F. A. Davis. Incurved 
blooms were represented by Jeanne d’Arc, Queen of 
England, Mrs. Brunlees, White Globe, Empress of 
India, Emily Dale, and others. 
In the cut-flower section Mr. E. Berry, The Gardens, 
Roehampton House, exhibited twenty-four incurved 
varieties, but space forbids their enumeration j many 
of the blooms were splendid. Mr. W. Wildsmith 
gardener to The Hon. E. L. Shaw Lefevre, Heckfield 
Place, Winchfield, exhibited twelve varieties, with 
several fine blooms of each. Mr. E. Molyneux, gardener to 
W. H. Myers, Esq., Swanmore Park, Bishops Waltham, 
showed twelve yellow blooms all consisting of Golden 
Empress of India, and very fine. Mr. E. Berry also 
exhibited Golden Empress of India and Emily Dale in 
this class, three of the latter being quite yellow and 
out of character. Twenty-four Japanese varieties were 
shown by Lord Wantage, Y.C., Overston Park, North¬ 
ampton ; by Mr. R. F. Jamieson, Hessle, Hull ; by 
Messrs. W. Clibran & Son, Altrincham, Cheshire ; by 
Mr. W. Pope, Highclere Castle, Newbury ; and by 
Mr. E. Wills, gardener to Mrs. Pearce, The Firs, 
Bassett, Southampton. There were many examples of 
good culture. Mr. J. Doughty, gardener to Mrs. M. 
Tomlin, Angley Park, Cranbrook, Kent, exhibited 
twelve white blooms, all fine samples of Elaine ; Mr. 
B. F. Jamieson showed Elaine, Florence Percy, and 
Avalanche; while Mr. E. Berry had Avalanche, 
Maiden’s Blush and Mademoiselle Lacroix. 
In the class for twelve orange or bronze Japanese, 
Mr. G. Burnett, The Grange Gardens, Hillingdon, had 
splendid samples of Roi de Japonais ; in the class for 
red or crimson, his Val d’Andorre was equally meritori¬ 
ous ; and for lilac or pink he showed Madame C. 
Audiguier and Madame J. Laing. Twelve wonderful 
blooms of reflexed varieties were shown by Mr. W. 
Wildsmith. An equal number of large-flowered 
Anemones were shown by Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. 
Pompons were shown by J. Wormald, Esq. (gardener, 
Mr. C. Gibson), Morden Park, Surrey, in beautiful con¬ 
dition. There were some fine exhibits in the class for 
the best representative collection of all sections. The 
finest blooms were those shown by T. B. Haywood, Esq. 
(gardener, Mr. C. J. Salter, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate). 
He had grand samples of W. G. Drover, Stanstead 
White, Baronne de Praillv, Jeanne Delaux, Avalanche, 
Jeanne d’Arc, Prince Alfred, Empress of India, Golden 
Empress of India, Lady Margaret, and others. Fine 
collections were also shown by Mr. E. Molyneux, 
Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, and by Mr. R. 
Owen, Castle Hill Nurseries, Maidenhead. To specify 
even the leading examples would necessitate much repe¬ 
tition ; but there were also many interesting varieties 
that do not so frequently appear on the exhibition 
table. 
The miscellaneous exhibits occupied a great extent of 
space ; in fact, the larger portion of the centre of the 
Vinery was wholly monopolised by unclassified 
groups of Chrysanthemums in pots. The largest col¬ 
lection was that grown in the Society’s gardens. 
The collection was arranged in six large groups. 
Japanese kinds were represented by Sunflower, Florence 
Percy, Album Plenum, Lady Cave, Tisiphone, Edouard 
Audiguier, Val d’Andorre, Lord Macaulay, Charlotte 
de Montcabrier, Mons. Bernard, and others; incurved 
varieties were Golden Eagle, Lady Talfourd, White and 
Golden Beverley, Guernsey Nugget, Empress of India, 
and Lady Hardinge ; Amy Furze, Criterion, Jeanne 
Delaux, Triomphe du Nord, and others represented the 
Japanese reflexed kinds ; while the ordinary reflexed 
kinds were also to the fore, as well as the Anemone 
type. There was a large and finely flowered group of 
Pompons, and some of the singles, including Mary 
Anderson, Miss Rose, like a Daisy or Aster, Mrs. J. 
Wills, and Crimson and Gold. Messrs. W. Fromow & 
Sons, Sutton Court Nursery, Chiswick, contributed a 
weli-flowered group, many of the plants being very 
dwarf. Japanese and incurved varieties were the most 
prominent, and well adapted for grouping. 
A showy group of plants grown for decorative 
purposes was brought up from the Royal Gardens, 
Kew. Source d’Or, Elsie, Bouquet Fait, Hiver Fleuri, 
Val d’Andorre, Triomphe du Nord, Mary Anderson, 
Mrs. Le Moult, and Jane, are all well adapted for this 
purpose ; the three last are single. A fine collection of 
early paintings of Chrysanthemums was also brought 
up from Kew, some of them dating back to 1808. 
Dried specimens of the wild plant collected by Dr. A. 
Henry in Central China, and Lindley’s specimen of the 
Chusa.n Daisy, dated 1838, were all extremely interest¬ 
ing botanically. A fine group of plants was also shown 
by Mr. C. Turner, Slough, consisting mostly of 
Japanese and incurved varieties, most of which were 
dwarf and freely flowered. Messrs. II. Cannell & Sons, 
Swanley, Kent, exhibited cut flowers of 260 varieties, 
representing all sections. Amongst the newer kinds 
were Robert Cannell, incurved bronze ; Aida, yellow ; 
Madame Paul Despatures, M. A. de Lean, Japanese ; 
Miss M. A. Haggas, incurved, and Souvenir de 
Londres, a single crimson. They had twenty-four 
blooms of Etoile de Lyon, from 9 ins. to 10 ins. in 
diameter. 
Mr. E. Molyneux exhibited Mrs. Horril, a reflexed 
sport from George Glenny, and several other compara¬ 
tively new varieties. Mr. T. S. Ware, Hale Farm 
Nurseries, Tottenham, showed the beautiful new Mrs. 
Alpheus Hardy. Messrs. W. Clibran & Son, Messrs. J. 
Carter k Go., High Holborn ; Mr. T. Winkworth, 
gardener to R. Brocklebank, Esq., Liverpool, and Mr. 
G. Stevens also exhibited new kinds. A fine mass of 
blooms with foliage, grown in the open air, came from 
Mr. R. Parker, Impney Gardens, Droitwic.h. A Silver 
Banksian Medal was awarded to Leopold de Rothschild, 
Esq., Ascott, Leighton-Buzzard,forasplend d bank of the 
beautiful and fragrant Improved Miss Joliffe Carnation. 
Ten varieties of Grapes, including Golden Champion, 
Gros Colmar, Muscat of Alexandria, Madresfield 
Court, and Trebbiano, were shown by Mr. II. Balderson, 
Hernel Hempstead. Ripe fruit of Monstera deliciosa was 
brought up by Mr. G. Wythes, Syon House, Brentford. 
DIr. E. S. Wiles showed Perfection Brussels Sprouts. 
A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Messrs. J. 
Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a large plant of the winter¬ 
flowering Begonia, Adonis. They also showed blooms 
of hybrid greenhouse Rhododendrons. Mr. F. Ross, 
gardener to Sir Geo. Macleay, Pendell Court, Bletch- 
ingley, exhibited sprays of the fragrant Buddlea 
aurieulata. M. Truffaut, Versailles, France, showed 
Vriesia Marite, a new hybrid ; and Mr. Miller, gardener 
to the Rt. Hon. Lord Foley, Russley Lodge, Esher, 
exhibited a basket of Mushrooms. 
The Conference. 
The Conference proceedings commenced early, the 
chair being taken at 2 p.m. by T. B. Haywood, Esq., 
who was supported,by Mr. W. Coleman, Mr. D. Morris, 
Mr. G. Paul and the Rev. W. Wilks (the only members 
of the Council present), Dr. Masters, Mr. Shirley 
Hibberd, and the secretary, Mr. Molyneux. The 
chairman, who was unfortunately suffering from a 
sore throat, was unable to deliver the opening 
address, which was read by Mr. Wilks, and proved 
to be singularly interesting and acceptable to the 
audience. Mr. Morris directed attention to some dried 
specimens of species of Chrysanthemums sent from 
Kew, and gave a brief summary of a paper by Mr. W. 
B. Hemsley, which, he remarked, was so dry that he 
would not read it. In the absence of Mr. Harman 
Payne, the Rev. W. Wilks read a capital paper, which 
he had sent, on the History of the Chrysanthemum. 
Mr. Wright followed on the subject of Judging ; and 
then Mr. Molyneaux dealt with New Varieties. The 
concluding paper was by Mr. Shirley Hibberd, whose 
text was 
Progress in Chrysanthemums. 
Mr. Hibberd treated of the evulution of the flower as 
illustrated in its development in gardens in the past 100 
years. He said a flower of this kind was removed by 
man as far as possible from natural influences, and the 
diiection of its development was in great part 
determined by the cultivator’s taste. It was especially 
worthy of observation, in entering upon the subject, 
that we did not, as makers of the flower, begin with the 
wild forms that men had not till then touched, but we 
began with an old favourite of the gardens of China, the 
Corea, and Japan ; and not only so, but all the several 
types of reflected, incurved, Japanese, and Anemone 
flowers were established in the east, ages before the 
west knew of their existence. Many fine varieties that 
would not be classed as Japanese were obtained from 
China in the early days of the present century, and 
there was no evidence to be found in the history of the 
occurrence of a new type as the result of European 
cultivation. Comparing early with late flowers, 
however, the differences were enormous ; all the early 
kinds were rough and wanting in dignity, as compared 
with those that had found favour in Europe in the last 
fifty years. 
The multiplicity of types and styles was advantageous 
as affording scope for the exercise of a variety of tastes. 
When the Japs were coming in like a flood in the days 
of Mr. Salter, the London florists objected to them on 
the ground of their extravagant departure from the 
code of properties that then prevailed, they being so 
enamoured of the incurved flowers as to need time to 
discover beauty in the new comers. But a school of 
florists in the south of France hailed the innovation 
with joy, and Frenchmen who had failed to find in the 
incurved flowers the properties that pleased them, took 
to the Japs and quickly produced a magnificent series 
of new varieties, the effect of which, on the mind of 
Europe, was to establish the Chrysanthemum in the 
highest degree of popularity as a florist’s flower. The 
men were in each case better than the schools that 
owned them, and they learned to perceive in each 
other’s special favourites rights to divide honours with 
their own. 
Regarding the dark reflexed Kiku, figured in the 
Botanical Magazine, t. 327, as the first of its group, it 
would be found that Involutum or Curled Lilac, 
figured by Sweet, 1823, might be regarded as the first 
proper incurved flower. The first of the Japs was, 
undoubtedly, the Quilled Flamed Yellow, introduced 
from China by Captain Drummond for the Horti¬ 
cultural Society in the year 1820. Illustrations of a 
number of examples were given of Anemones, Anemone 
Pompons, and Lilliputians, and the structure of the 
flower was explained with especial reference to the 
organs of reproduction. Beginning then with the types 
ready formed it will be seen that the European 
florists have, in less than a 100 years, accomplished 
more for the flowers than the Chinese cultivators in 
the thousands of years during which they profess to 
have regarded it as a favourite. They had a circle to 
begin with, as in the case of any Asteraceous flower, 
but out of this simple form they had evolved infinite 
variety, for while a perfect incurved flower differed so 
greatly from a fantastic Jap, the same fundamental 
lines were traceable in both, were essential to both, 
and the variations consisted in added adornments. 
But geographical influences co-operate with diversity of 
tastes in the fashioning of the flower. The gpueral 
tendency of taste in raising and selecting is to 
