jtfovember 16, 1889. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
165 
as widely as possible. For bis own part, as example 
was perhaps better than theory, he would be happy to 
jrive £100 this year, and £100 more for each of the 
ir years. A resolution was adopted affirming 
sometimes <™ eme nt for the extinction of the debt of 
thereJ^ w i n g by the society, and that establishment 
upon a permanent basis of the exhibitions, botanical 
teaching, and musical features deserved public patronage 
and support. Donations amounting to £1,700 were 
subsequently announced, the principal amounts being 
from the following:—Her Majesty the Queen, £25; 
the Earl of Derby, £300 ; Mr. Joseph Broome, £100; 
Mr. Samuel Barlow, £100 ; Mr. Henry Boddington, 
£100 ; Mr. John Galloway, jun., £100 ; Mr. William 
Tattersall (Blackburn), £100; and Messrs. Richard 
Haworth & Co., £100. 
Presentation to Mr. Ernest Denary.—On Sunday 
last, the 10th inst., this well-known German seed 
grower completed his seventieth year, and the 
fiftieth year of his connection with the large business 
carried on at Erfurt. His two sons made him a 
present of an album containing the portraits of many 
of those in the United Kingdom who had done business 
with him for years past. Some of the leading seed 
firms in this country took advantage of the occasion 
to present Mr. Ernest Benary with a congratulatory 
address, as follows Dear Sir,—We, whose names 
are appended, having enjoyed the pleasure of personal 
friendship and acquaintance with you, and had business 
transactions with your firm for many years past, desire 
to offer you our hearty congratulations on attaining 
your seventieth birthday. We desire to express on 
behalf of a numerous body of friends and correspondents 
in the United Kingdom the great respect and esteem in 
which you are held, and our high sense of the honour¬ 
able manner in which you have conducted the business 
commenced by you fifty years ago. Though you have 
reached the age which is regarded as the allotted span 
of human life, we trust you will be yet spared for 
years to come in health and strength to enjoy in hon¬ 
oured old age the continued friendship of-.” This 
was signed by the representatives of twenty-one houses 
of business. The address was encircled by a 
very richly illuminated gold border, relieved with 
floreated scrolls in beautifully toned and harmo¬ 
nised tints of red and blue. The arms of England 
and Germany in oval shields surmounted the 
address, and to correspond with this at the 
bottom was an hour - glass enwreathed in Ivy, 
typifying age encircled by friendship ; at the sides 
were two prettily bordered panels, with the dates, 
November 10th, 1819, and November 10th, 1889. 
The designing throughout was most artistic, the colours 
employed being perfectly harmonised, and the result 
worthily maintaining the reputation of the eminent 
firm of Messrs. R. & S. Garrard & Co., the Crown 
jewellers of the Haymarket, London, who executed the 
work. A telegram was received from Mr. John Benary, 
of Erfurt, on the evening of the 10th inst., expressing 
the high gratification the receipt of the address had 
afforded his father. 
The Hall and Fraser Memorial.—Mr. Horsman 
announces, with grateful thanks, the receipt, during 
the present week, of the amounts enumerated below, 
and asks us to say that he will be glad to receive even 
the smallest contributions of gardeners in aid of the 
good cause. 
G. C. Raphael, Esq. ... 
H. Greenfield, Esq. 
J. Buchanan, Esq., Edinburgh 
J. S. Hurst, Esq., Ripon ... 
— Ryder, Esq., Streatham Hill 
F. G. Artbuthnot, Esq. 
G. H. Baxter, Esq., Hutton 
A. Baxter, Esq., Hutton ... 
Reginald Young, Esq. 
Messrs. Crocker, Sons & Co. 
Mr. J. Bates, Oxford Market 
Mr. G. J. White . 
Mr. G. Marriott 
Mr. T. Todman 
Mr. C. Woolford, Birmingham 
Mr. C. Canham . 
G. Wood, Esq. 
“ G. B.” . 
“Tommy” ... 
Mr. J. Woolford, Reading... 
Mr. T. Paterson, Reading ... 
£ s. d. 
10 0 0 
10 0 0 
5 5 0 
2 2 0 
110 
110 
110 
110 
110 
110 
1 1 0 
1 1 0 
110 
110 
0 10 6 
0 10 6 
0 10 6 
0 5 0 
0 5 0 
0 2 6 
0 2 6 
“ ALHIBOP.ONTIPHOSKIPHOKNIOSTIKOS.”--Mrs. Crosse, 
Thirlestane, Eastbourne, thinks that the above must be 
derived from the name Aldiborontephos-cophornio, a 
courtier in a burlesque written by H. Carey in 1734, 
called “ Chronon-Hoton-Thologos.” 
THE EDUCATION OF GAR¬ 
DENERS. 
The statement is true, and cannot be too often reiterated, 
that the gardeners of the future must excel those of the 
past in the matter of education, if they want to make 
headway in the profession. It is too often the case 
that the scientific gardener is pitted against the practical 
one, as if the two must necessarily be always antagonistic 
to each other. Bjok learning, we know, is one thing, 
and practical work another ; but a man who is not 
capable of mastering both sides of the question to a 
certain extent can never make a very proficient all¬ 
round gardener. By dint of long-continued practice, 
a man may come to understand the requirements of a 
certain place, both as to what the garden wants, and 
what is required of it to suppty the mansion; but 
changes by nature are frequently unavoidable, so that 
when a man finds himself in another garden, and per¬ 
haps in a different locality altogether, his previous 
success fails him to a greater or less extent, in pro¬ 
portion to the nature of his previous education. If he 
has travelled but little during the early part of his 
career, his experience must of a necessity be confined 
within narrow limits ; and in a new garden, and on a 
different soil geologically, with, perhaps, a different 
climate, he finds himself quite at sea, whereas a little 
scientific education would act as a helm in assisting 
him to understand his new charge. A man who can 
give the why and the wherefore he does certain things 
is not one on whom education has been wasted. 
No doubt many object to a thorough system of 
education, both scientific and practical, on account of 
the severity of the test; but then those who object to a 
little hard work, either mental or manual, while still 
in the vigour of their manhood, will be still more lax 
in duty and less inclined to exert or help themselves 
to a higher level in the more staid and settled period 
of their life. Education, both mental and practical, is 
assuredly the best way of bringing out any hidden 
talent that may be in a man. The test is a severe one, 
and a means of weeding out the indolent and the lazy. 
It is false preaching to say that if a man acquires a 
scientific education it unfits him for the duties of a 
diligent and attentive gardener ; if he loves his profession 
his mental education will only act as a stimulus. 
Should he not be in love with his profession, then the 
want of education will not make him a better gardener ; 
and if it weeds him out of the profession so much the 
better for the latter, and, perhaps, for his own. Such 
an occurrence would be a blessing to him in disguise if it 
gave him an impulse to try something for which he was 
more fitted. Too many are led to engage in gardening 
simply because it is a pleasant occupation, and ap¬ 
parently an easy one ; but they never made a greater 
mistake. 
Much of the gardening of the present day is of a 
luxurious and ornamental kind, and this applies more, 
perhaps, to this country than to any other upon earth ; 
so that actually a large number of gardeners are 
employed in one capacity or another, and when times 
of commercial depression arise many are frequently 
thrown out of work. Even then a man of education 
can apply himself to various means of gaining a 
livelihood, and that ia a much higher sphere of life 
frequently than if his whole education had consisted 
merely of practical work, or rule of thumb gardening. 
In cases like these the profession has no cause to 
grumble if some of its members leave its ranks for a 
higher or better sphere of labour. It is already greatly 
overcrowded, and would profit largely by a severe 
weeding out of those who are not gardeners by choice, 
nor thoroughly in earnest with their work. 
Concerning the means of obtaining this higher edu¬ 
cation the modern gardener has great facilities compared 
with the gardener of the past; yet how sparingly do 
we find him taking the advantage of the facilities 
offered, or of attending the classes that are held in 
various parts throughout the country. In the im¬ 
mediate vicinity of the towns, at least, there need be 
no complaint in this matter. Indeed, the teachers 
themselves have the more room to complain, both on 
the sparse attendance at the classes, and more especially 
from the fact that so many who do join shirk the 
examinations, which should indeed be a special feature 
of the whole session, a record, as it were, of the work 
mastered. The underpaid teachers have to depend 
upon the results of the examination to compensate 
them for their labours. If gardeners do not attend the 
examination, the teacher loses the reward of his labour. 
Then again, the latter, after giving a course of lectures, 
has to wait twelve or fifteen months before the tardy 
officials of the Department of Science and Art, at 
South Kensington, make a move in the matter to 
remit the earnings. 
Turning from these matters to the examination 
questions set by the Society of Arts, in 1866, we find 
that in the case of fruit and vegetable culture, twenty- 
four questions were asked, and the time allowed to 
write out the answers was only three hours. A smaller 
number of questions are set by the Department of 
Science and Art, and students are only permitted to 
attempt eight questions in the elementary stage, and 
five or six in the advanced and honours stages. 
Amongst the questions asked by the Society of Arts, 
many of them were severely practical, and such as 
modern gardeners, above all things, should be expected 
to know. For instance, the first on the list was, 
“Give a list of twelve varieties of dessert Apples, to 
ripen in succession from August till May, and in the 
order in which they are ready for use.” Similar 
questions were put concerning Pears, kitchen Apples, 
Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots. 
Then followed questions as to the various stocks used 
for the propagation of the Apple, the pruning and 
training of fruit trees, root-pruning and its object. 
Concerning the ‘ ‘ process by which trees absorb moisture 
by their roots, and by which the sap circulates through 
their system,” we greatly suspect that very different 
ideas prevail concerning the same, and that various 
answers would be given. Then it was asked why the 
upper shoots on a branch developed with greater vigour 
than the lower’; how a branch increased in thickness 
and in length ; and what were the functions of the 
leaves. A rather dubious question was asked, “ Do trees 
absorb moisture by their roots and leaves only ; and if 
not, through what medium ?” Here it may be stated 
that the moisture absorbed by the leaves of fruit trees 
would be immaterial under a good system of cultivation, 
provided the summer be not unusually dry. Concerning 
the other medium, the question seems to have been 
intended to trip up the student, for the answer ex¬ 
pected must surely have been problematical, and one 
of pure conjecture. The causes that induce canker and 
gum in fruit trees, and the methods of prevention, 
have not yet been thoroughly solved, any more than 
they were twenty-three years ago. One question set 
required the student to describe in detail the forcing of 
Vines to obtain fruit in February, and every operation 
that should be gone through in the course of that time. 
Only four questions were put concerning vegetable 
culture, but to have given satisfactory answers to them 
alone would have required the whole of the three 
hours allowed. Then again, the gardener was 
required to answer how to furnish a supply of Peas 
from May to October by the use of six varieties, which 
he was asked to select. In like manner he was ex¬ 
pected to state how to obtain a supply of Broccoli from 
August of one year till the August following, and to 
state the soil best adapted for the crop, with its mode 
of preparation. The process of making a hot-bed had 
to be given in detail, an easy question to be sure, but 
requiring some time to describe. The last question 
was such as might test the knowledge of nine-tenths of 
modern gardeners to give a full and ready answer, 
especially after worrying his brains over the twenty- 
three previous questions. It runs as follows : — 
“ Prepare a list of the kinds and quantities of vegetable 
seeds and roots necessary for cropping a garden of half 
an acre throughout the year. This, indeed, would be 
no easy matter in the face of the multitudinous 
requirements of the present day, even from such a 
small space of ground. Furthermore, how few 
modern gardeners, that is, apprentices, journeyman, 
and especially those in the flower department, ever 
trouble themselves with the cropping of the kitchen 
garden at all, just as if it was no business of theirs!— 
One, who Knows. 
-- 
THE RASPBERRY. 
I sometimes think that of all native fruits, this, in 
view of the good price obtained for it in suburban 
districts, is one of the most profitable which the 
cottager or small cultivator can grow where it succeeds 
well. Many who like to have a few preserves of their 
own making will willingly give a higher priee for a soft 
fruit like the Raspberry grown in their own neigh¬ 
bourhood than for that which comes from a distance, 
and when a plantation is well established it will 
generally remain very productive for a number of 
years. 
The Raspberry is propagated mainly by suckers, and 
where new varieties are sought after, by seeds ; but as 
the production and dissemination of these is mainly 
the nurseryman’s province, I will confine my remarks 
to the one universal method of increasing stock viz., 
