620 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
May 31, 1S90. 
of the European continent to an extent that we can 
scarcely realise, even after the most careful and pro¬ 
longed study of these floras, if we restrict our view to 
them alone ; indeed, there is no country that has long 
been inhabited by man that does not show clear 
evidences of his influence in this direction; and 
the more complete the civilisation, the greater has 
been the influence. It has been manifested in many 
ways, hut these may he grouped under the two heads 
of:— 
1, partial or complete extirpation of species from a 
flora ; 2, extension of the area of distribution of such 
species as are suited by their habits and habitats to he 
conveyed by unintentional human agency from place to 
place, and to take advantage for their own behoof of 
the changes effected on the surface of a country by 
deforesting or planting forests, agriculture, pasturing 
herds and flocks, the operations of commerce, or any of 
the other labours undertaken by civilized man. 
“ The researches of American botanists have led them 
to the conclusion that many of their commonest weeds 
are not indigenous to America, but have been introduced 
from Europe or elsewhere, since the colonization of the 
country by Europeans. Indeed, it is possible to fix the 
date when some of them were first observed in America ; 
though the settlement of the Eastern States was accom¬ 
plished before any attention was paid to their floras, 
and consequently there are no records to indicate the 
time of introduction of most of the immigrants, or 
their rate of progress in establishing themselves. The 
most complete information with regard to the adventi¬ 
tious flora of the United States of North America is 
given in a paper in the Verhandlungen der K. K. 
Zoologisch-lotanisch Gesdlschaft in Wien, vol. xxxv., 
pp. 387-450, entitled “ Prodomus Florae adventicialis 
Boreali-Americanse,” by Th. A. Bruhin. It is devoted 
to an enumeration of all the adventitious plants known 
to the author, either from his own observations during 
a residence of fourteen years in various parts of the 
States, or mentioned by Professor Asa Gray and other 
American botanists. His information for Canada is 
taken from Wood’s Classboolc and Botanist. The fullest 
information for Canadian flowering plants is contained in 
Macoun’s Catalogue of Canadian Plants. 11 adds much to 
the records in Bruhin’s list, and I shall quote freely from 
it; but in the main the two agree in essential points, 
and lead to the same conclusions. 
“Bruhin, in his list, includes all species that have 
appeared a? spontaneous immigrants, and all that are 
cultivated on a large scale in any part of the States. 
Owing to the wide range of climate, the variety of 
plants in cultivation on a large scale is much greater 
than in Britain ; the species enumerated by Bruhin, 
omitting all those cultivated in gardens on a small 
scale merely, attain the surprisingly large number of 
623. Of these, 383 are spontaneous (i.e. , have not 
been intentionally introduced by man), and 240 are 
cultivated, including among the latter fruit trees and 
ornamental trees and shrubs. Of the whole number, 
420 are of European origin, 112 Asiatic, 64 from 
Tropical or South America or the West Indies, and 12 
from Africa. Herr Bruhin also gives a table to show 
the natural orders to which the immigrants belong, 
from which it appears that 78 orders are represented, 
but in very different proportions. The following is 
the rank in which they stand in number of repre¬ 
sentatives :—Graminacese, 80 ; Compositse, 60 ; Legu- 
minosse, 48; Labiatse, 39; Rosacese, 34; Cruciferae, 30; 
Caryophyllaceae, 25 ; Solanacere, 19 ; Polygonacese, 17 ; 
Serophulariacere, 16; Chenopodiacere, 16; Umbel- 
liferse, 15 ; Boraginaceae, 15 ; Malvaceae, 14 ; Liliacece, 
11 ; Euphorbiaceee, 10 ; Urticaceee, 10 ; Ranunculaceae, 
10 . 
“These numbers scarcely correspond to what one would 
expect from the relative facilities that the various 
species possess for their diffusion ; but a careful analysis 
of the list explains the apparent anomalies in it. In 
the first place, we must deduct those species that have 
been designedly introduced. When this is done, the 
list is found to be chiefly composed of such weeds as 
grow among the cereals, or in meadows, or in other 
situations that favour their seeds being transported 
along with the commercial products from their native 
habitats. It is suggested, with regard to the latter 
mode of conveyance, that the various continents have 
contributed to the adventitious flora of North America 
in pretty near the proportion of their trade with that 
continent.” 
At this point Dr. Trail gave a long list of plants, 
afterwhich he said: — “I have quoted a somewhat long 
list of plants, in order to show how large a number of 
European species have established themselves on the 
continent of North America ; but despite its length, 
the list is limited to those that may be considered as 
well naturalised.” 
(To be continued.) 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 
Royal Horticultural: Temple Show. 
Wednesday Afternoon. 
The third exhibition of this society, held by favour of 
the Benchers in the famed Inner Temple Gardens, was 
opened at 1 p.m. by H. R.H. The Prince of Wales, who 
was met at the entrance by the president and Baron 
Schroder, and by whom he was conducted over the 
exhibition—one of the grandest displays of general 
nursery stock ever seen in this country. Taking the 
exhibition as a whole, it covers a greater area 
than either of its predecessors, filling three tents 
and the large marquee, which has done duty at so 
many of the society’s previous shows. The additional 
tent is a great advantage, inasmuch as it has 
prevented overcrowding, and allows of greater pro¬ 
menading space under canvas. The arrangements of 
the canvas consisted of two long tents running 
parallel with the Embankment, then the great marquee 
at right angles, and the third runs parallel with the 
King’s Bench Walk. 
Entering the first tent near the embankment entrance, 
on each side of which the plants are arranged, leaving 
a wide path down the centre, on the left hand will be 
found a very large and most interesting collection of 
exotic Ferns, rich in variety and neatly set up, from 
Messrs. W. & J. Birkenhead, of Sale, near Manchester. 
These are succeeded by a glorious mass of a deep blue 
colour, furnished by that grand old plant Leschenaultia 
biloba major, exhibited by Messrs. Balchin & Son, of 
Hassocks Gate. Next comes a batch of Pelargonium 
Pearl, an exceedingly fine white decorative variety, 
shown by Mr. R. Miller, of Shoreham ; and to these 
succeed admirable displays of Pansies and "Violas con¬ 
tributed by Mr. F. Hooper, of Bath, and Messrs. 
Dobbie & Co., of Rothesay. The whole of the space on 
the opposite side is given up to Mr. H. B. May, and 
Messrs. Backhouse & Son, of York, the former of whom 
has a run of some 80 ft. of Ferns, Dracrenas, and 
Crotons, &c., a very fine lot of saleable stuff; and the 
latter a valuable contribution of filmy Ferns, consisting 
of some eighty specimens, and including the best and 
rarest kinds—one of the freshest and most novel 
collections we have seen at a London show for some 
time. 
The second tent contains less foliage and a greater 
wealth of colour. It is arranged in the same way, and 
taking the right-hand side first, Messrs. John Laing 
& Sons’ splendid group of single and double Begonias— 
a glorious mass of colour and containing many 
novelties, immediately claims attention; and next 
comes Messrs. H. C'annell & Sons with a very fine lot 
of herbaceous Calceolarias well grown, well bloomed, 
and wanting only a few lighter colours to lighten up 
the group to make it first-rate in every respect. From 
the Calceolarias to the end of the same side is occupied 
by an enormous collection of cut herbaceous stuff— 
Pyrethrums, Irises, and an innumerable array of early 
summer-flowering hardy plants from Mr. T. S. Ware. 
On the opposite side Messrs. Barr & Son have a long 
bank of hardy flowers, mainly Pyrethrums and Irises, 
&c. These are succeeded by a collection of Pansies and 
Violas from Messrs. Cannell & Sons, and an extensive 
group of Pyrethrums, Preonies, Larkspurs, Delphiniums, 
&c., from Messrs. Kelway & Son, Langport; and at 
the extreme end there is a very attractive collection 
of herbaceous and alpine plants from Messrs. Paul & 
Son. 
The principal marquee contains the gems of the exhi¬ 
bition—the rich display of Orchids which make a show 
in themselves of no mean proportions. Down the 
centre runs a wide stage completely filled with Orchids, 
and along the sides are collections of Orchids also, 
Roses and other flowering plants. Immediately facing 
the visitor, at the end of the staging, is the finest 
specimen ever seen of Cymbidium Lowianum, a 
monster plant, with twenty-nine spikes, some of which 
bear as many as thirty-three flowers. This comes from 
Baron Schroder, and near by is the Baron’s other con¬ 
tribution—a magnificent display of Orchids, with a 
glorious example of a rich deep rosy purple variety of 
Cattleya Skinneri as the central object. Rich, rare, 
and beautiful are the Baron’s species and varieties of 
all the genera in bloom at the present time. The 
president, Sir Trevor Lawrence, has a very fine and 
most interesting collection, next to the Baron’s, and 
most conspicuous here are the specimens of Cypripe- 
dium Swanianum and Odontoglossum hystrix. The 
succeeding group, a small one, of well-grown Cypripe- 
dium barbatum and a few other Orchids, comes from 
the Duke of Northumberland at Syon House (Mr. 
Wythes, gardener) ; and these by their somewhat 
sombre character provide a foil to a very bright, 
sparkling collection staged by H. M. Pollett, Esq., 
Bickley (Mr. W. Parks, gardener) ; especially rich in 
good varieties of Odontoglossum is the Femside group. 
Mr. W. H. Young, gardener to F. Wigan, Esq., 
Clarelawn, contributes a small neat group ; and from 
J. B. Haywood, Esq., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate, 
(Mr. C. J. Salter, gardener), comes a pretty collection, 
mainly of Odontoglossum Pescatorei and O. crispum, 
with a few Cattleyas and Masdevallias, and a glorious 
spike of Cattleya gigas with five noble flowers. 
At the end of the staging facing the dais there is a 
plant not often seen at flower shows, a flowering speci¬ 
men, with a massive head of creamy yellow blossoms, of 
Puya chiliensis, from the Tresco Abbey Gardens in the 
Scilly Isles, where it has been extensively planted. 
Turning round to the left, the whole side of the stage 
will he found filled with nurserymen’s contributions, 
and first of all comes a very large collection from 
Messrs. F. Sander & Co., of St. Albans, rich in fine 
plants and still more so in novel varieties, which will 
claim attention later on. To the St. Albans collection 
succeeds a capital group, mainly of Cattleya Mossife, 
with a few other subjects ; and then comes a very 
rich but somewhat flatly arranged collection from 
Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, a very rich assort¬ 
ment, and rendered the more attractive by reason of 
a pleasing little mass of Anrectochilus Lowii in fine 
form in the foreground. The final collection comes 
from Mr. Cypher, of Cheltenham, and a very fine 
one it is, containing many illustrations of Mr. Cypher’s 
skill as a grower. 
Taking the sides next, and commencing as before, 
at the entrance, we find in the corner a most admirable 
contribution from Messrs. Paul & Son, in the fonn of 
a grand group of specimen and half-specimen Roser, 
superbly bloomed. Then comes in striking contrast a 
dwarf group of Rhododendrons, Ghent Azaleas, Spirwas, 
&c., intermixed with Japanese Acers, from Messrs. 
James Veitch & Sons ; followed by a large and boldly 
grouped collection of stove and greenhouse plants 
shown by Messrs. John Laing & Sons, and in which 
Caladiums play a conspicuous part. Then we have a 
very pretty group of Niphetos Roses in pots, encircled 
with small Palms and Ferns, from Mr. Rumsey, "Wal¬ 
tham Cross. Between these and another beautiful exhibit 
of Roses from Waltham Cross, Mr. Simmonds, gardener 
to F. W, Wiltshire, Esq., Alverston, South Norwood, 
has a capital dozen of Caladiums. The Messrs. W. 
Paul & Son’s Roses, plants and cut blooms make a 
very fine display, and opposite to them, at the 
back of the dais, Mr. Iceton, of Putney, has a 
noble group of Kentias ; while in the opposite corner 
Messrs. H. Lane & Sons have some well-bloomed 
Rhododendrons ; which are followed by a collection of 
herbaceous Calceolarias from Mr. J. James, remarkably 
well grown and bloomed to perfection. Mr. C. Turner 
follows on with a very bright lot of show and fancy Pel¬ 
argoniums mixed with tree Carnations, &c. ; and then 
comes a very striking collection of Orchids from Messrs. 
B. S. Williams & Son ; a group of Anthuriums and 
Sarracenias from Messrs. John Peed & Son, Norwood 
Road ; a delightful group of twenty specimen 
Clematises, large, well-flowered and beautifully fresh, 
from Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester ; and a corner 
group of stove and greenhouse plants from Messrs. W. 
Cutbush & Son. 
In the last tent will be found a most remarkable 
display of Gloxinias, and some wreaths, bouquets, &c., 
which are of a singularly pleasing character. The 
Gloxinias are contributed by Messrs. Sutton & Sous 
and Messrs. Yeitch & Sons. Both groups are of the 
finest quality, but the first-named firm have the largest, 
covering a run of 100 ft. of staging, and how they got 
the plants from Reading without speck or blemish is 
a marvel. The finest display of arranged flowers comes 
from the Messrs. Perkins, of Coventry, who have a 
lovely wreath, a most beautiful floral lyre, and half-a- 
dozen bouquets in different styles, and also an assort¬ 
ment of sprays, such as ought to send all the ladies 
crazy. Mr. George Phippen, of Reading, also has 
an excellent display ; and Mrs. Hodgkins, Withington, 
Manchester, shows some very beautiful examples of 
skeleton leaves and fruits. Collections of splendidly- 
kept Apples come from Messrs. Yeitch & Sons and 
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co. ; herbaceous plants and 
Apples from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons ; a capital dis¬ 
play of market produce from Mr. G. Munro ; numerous 
varieties of Rhubarb and Radishes from Chiswick ; and 
a very showy lot of cut blooms of decorative Pelar¬ 
goniums from Messrs. Cannell & Sons. 
We mu t defer the list of awards till our next issue, as 
it was not obtainable at the necessarily early hour we 
were obliged to leave. 
