November 25, 1898. THE GARDENING WORLt). 195 
Extra Early Milan was our first crop, this being 
ready in the open ground early in May. Early 
Snowball followed in quick succession. There is 
one drawback to Early Milan, for it soon gets tough 
and stringy. For summer use Veitch’s Red Globe, 
Strap Leaf, and Green Top are all good varieties, 
and for winter use White Stone and the old Chirk 
Castle Black Stone. The latter kind has been 
unusually fine this season. One of the great secrets 
in growing good Turnips is to sow the seed on 
ground that has not been occupied by any of the 
Brassica tribe for some years. For autumn use 
there is no place like that previously used for Straw¬ 
berries, and which, having become exhausted, were 
dug up. The ground having been well manured 
and dug, the seed germinates freely, and the plants 
grow away quickly ; if thinned early they soon bulb 
and are ready for use. 
Peas are always an important crop, and justly so, 
for most people, both rich and poor, are fond of 
them. But for them to be of the greatest service 
to the poor who are unable to procure stakes for 
their support the dwarf kinds are the most service¬ 
able. Sutton’s Early Marrow is a splendid variety. 
Chelsea Gem and Exonian were also good. The 
former variety sown in the open ground at the end 
of January was ready for use at the end of May. 
But it must be borne in mind that this has been an 
unusual early season, so that those who grow it 
must not be disappointed should it be the middle of 
June before they are able to gather from it. With 
me it grew to the height of two feet, and was 
covered with pods from bottom to top well filled 
with Peas of most excellent flavour. Sutton’s 
Invincible Marrow is another kind that did well. The 
haulm grew to the height of about four feet, and 
was covered with pods from four to five inches long, 
containing from eight to ten Peas of most delicious 
flavour. Both Sutton's Magnum Bonum and 
Exhibition were equally good. 
But to grow Peas of the finest quality extra care 
must be taken in their cultivation. It is not enough 
to dig a piece of ground, sow the seed, and when the 
plants have attained to a few inches in height put 
sticks to them and afterwards leave them to take 
care ot themselves. Those whose pride it is to 
boast of the finest crops know to) well that this 
course of procedure is of but little avail. Special 
care must be taken in trenching the ground, 
manuring, and after treatment, if satisfactory results 
are to follow. Brussels Sprouts is another crop 
that has to receive special attentioft if we would 
have the finest samples, and as this is a plant that 
usually withstands the severity of the winter better 
than most others, it is worthy of all the trouble and 
pains taken with it. In some places early sowing 
may be advantageous, but for all ordinary purposes 
the first week in April is time enough, as plants are 
far better kept growing when once started than 
coddled till room can be provided for planting them 
out. It is seldom that Brussels Sprouts are re¬ 
quired so long as other tender green vegetables are 
plentiful. However, if it is necessary to have them 
by the beginning or middle of September, then seed 
should be sown early, so that the plants may be 
ready for planting out in May. We have never 
seen them better than they are this season, and 
all kinds alike look well. Exhibition, Matchless, 
Paragon, President Carnot, and others are all good 
alike. The variety has not so much to do with a 
good crop as the cultivation, though, no doubt, 
some are much better flavoured than others. 
Potatos should, no doubt, be accorded the first 
place amongst vegetables, for they are alike useful 
in all seasons, both when they are young and after 
the tubers have become old. But as the greater 
majority have to be consumed when the tubers have 
become ripe, it is well to turn our attention more 
particularly to those kinds that are cultivated for 
use during winter and spring. We do not advocate 
growing these for appearance sake only, for it is 
useless to have these with beautiful coloured skins 
and perfect shape if their quality is deficient. These 
may do for the show table where the judges, in a 
great number of instances, know as much about 
Potatos as Potatos know about them. For cropping 
quality, disease resisting and good keeping qualities, 
I recommend Windsor Castle as one of the best of 
them. I have grown it at the rate of twenty-five 
tons to the acre of tubers of the finest quality. 
Triumph, Supreme, and Perfection are all good. 
The great mistake so often made in the cultivation 
of the Potato is planting too thickly, allowing the 
tubers to become exhausted before planting, and 
thinking that poor ground is beneficial to their 
flavour. The soil should be rich and well cultivated, 
but no fresh manure should be given at the time of 
planting. The sets should be sound, of medium 
size, and not having made any previous growth. 
The time of planting must depend to some extent on 
the district, but from the end of March to the end 
of April is a good time. Before planting the ground 
should have a dressing of kainit and nitrate of soda, 
and before earthing up a second dressing should be 
given adding a little sulphate of iron. Earthing up 
must be done in good time, and if the ground be at 
all heavy should previously be well worked .—Kitchen 
Gardener. 
-- 
DEUTZIA CRENATA. 
Although this Deutzia (which is sometimes called 
D. scabra and D. Fortune!) is considered sufficiently 
hardy to be included in lists of shrubs suitable for 
outdoor work, it is not frequently seen amongst col¬ 
lections of such subjects in Scottish gardens. 
Probably in most instances its absence is to be 
accounted for owing to the fact that the climatic 
conditions are unfavourable for ensuring anything 
like a regular show of flowers. From observation I 
am led to infer that the oft-recurring frosts and 
untoward east winds of the spring months most 
frequently occasion flowerlessness, although imper¬ 
fect ripening of the wood some seasons in conjunc¬ 
tion with spring frosts may also terminate in the 
result indicated. 
About 1887, a large plant of the subject in ques¬ 
tion, occupying a position in a shrubbery border well 
sheltered from the east, which had got into a some¬ 
what neglected condition, was along with the 
removal of a quantity of old and dead wood closely 
cut back in order to ensure the properly balanced 
growth. As the result of the pruning, for several 
years past what was formerly the remains of an 
apparently dying plant has been gradually changed 
into a vigorous and well furnished specimen now 8 
ft. in height. Last summer for the first time since 
the plant vras cut down it flowered freely, and 
formed one of the most attractive features which 
the month of June presented. Reverting to the 
influences of climatic conditions in relation to the 
flowering of Deutzia crenata in the open border, in 
this instance it is evident that the exceptionally 
favourable spring of 1893 operated with marked 
effect. This is all the more noteworthy, seeing that 
the previous autumn was not one of the best for the 
perfect ripening of wood and flower buds coupled 
with the fact that the specimen referred to is exposed 
to the sun only a few hours at mid-day, even at the 
height of the season.— MAyrshire. 
--f-- 
THE RASPBERRY MOTH.* 
The small red caterpillars of this moth are most 
destructive to Raspberry canes. The culture of 
Raspberries has enormously increased, as they have 
proved in some seasons to be a most profitable crop; 
their enemy, the Raspberry moth, has multiplied in 
a proportionate degree. The production of this 
valuable fruit has been much decreased by its action 
in some seasons, and it has been consequently con¬ 
siderably dearer than other fruit. Currants, Straw¬ 
berries, and Cherries, for instance, as seen by the 
higher prices charged for Raspberry jam when the 
insect has been troublesome. On many fruit farms 
the crop has been reduced from one-third to half in 
consequence of the attack of this insect. Fruit farms 
in Kent and other counties have been visited in the 
spring, upon which at least half of the buds of the 
Raspberry canes had been destroyed. In some of 
the buds the caterpillars were still actively working, 
in some they had changed into pupse. This is fre¬ 
quently the condition of many Raspberry plantations 
in England and Scotland. Much mischief is often 
occasioned also in gardens and allotments where 
patches of Raspberry canes are cultivated. 
Upon close examination of the attacked Raspberry 
canes, it will be seen that the soft juicy part at the 
base of the buds has been eaten away, so as to kill 
the buds, and prevent their foliage and blossoms 
from being put forth. There is also a hole in the 
cane at the base of the buds, in which the pupa will 
be found ensconced. 
Description of the Moth. 
The Lampronia rubiella, or Raspberry moth, belongs 
‘f Leaflet issued by the Board of Agriculture. 
to the family tineidoe, of the group tineina. It is a 
most beautiful moth, of a light brown colour, with a 
series of spots like burnished gold upon its fore 
wings.t The hinder wings are slightly lighter in 
colour, with light fringes. It is barely half an inch 
across its wings, and its body is only about the fourth 
of an inch in length. It may be seen towards the 
end of May, or the first week of June, flying round 
the Raspberry canes. 
Life History. 
The moth places her eggs upon the flowers of the 
Raspberry canes at the end of May, or in the be¬ 
ginning of June. After five or six days the cater¬ 
pillar may be found in the raised white receptacle 
upon which the fruit, or more correctly the collection 
of little fruits composing the Raspberry, is formed. 
The caterpillar does not appear to injure the fruit, 
nor, indeed, to feed at all at this time. Mr. Stainton, 
in his Manual of Butterflies and Moths, says that the 
caterpillar hibernates without feeding. 'When it is 
fully grown the caterpillar makes its way out of the 
receptacle, either by crawling or by letting itself down 
by silken cords to the earth beneath the canes, and 
passes the winter in a case, or kind of cocoon. It 
emerges from this state of hibernation on the first 
approach of spring, J and crawls up the Raspberry 
canes, and getting to the buds, worms itself into 
these at their bases, and makes up for long autumn 
and winter months of fasting by feeding upon them. 
Dr. Chapman states that the caterpillar leaves the 
hibernating cocoon in March, early or late, according 
to the season. 
'When the time arrives for pupation, the cater¬ 
pillar scoops out a hole in the pith of the canes, just 
below the bases of the buds, in which it turns to a 
chrysalis. 
From a quantity of pieces of Raspberry canes, 
whose buds were badly infested with caterpillars, 
sent on May 8th, and kept in a glass case, moths 
came forth on June gth. That there might be no 
possible doubt as to their identity, some were sent to 
Mr. Stainton, who pronounced them to be lampronia 
rubiella. 
The larva is close upon a quarter of an inch long, 
decidedly pink in colour for the most part, though 
the shade of colour varies somewhat in individuals, 
and becomes more red in most larv$ as they get 
older. The head is black. There is a patch of 
black on the first segment. It has three pairs of 
black feet on the thoracic segments. The pro-legs 
nu.nber four pairs, and there is a pair of annal feet. 
The pupa is exactly the fourth of an inch long, 
tapering somewhat unusually, and has a curious 
spine upon the back on the last segment. 
Methods of Prevention and Remedies. 
The caterpillars are just under the surface of the 
ground, around and among the stocks of the Rasp¬ 
berry canes. As it has been shown, they remain 
there from about midsummer until March. There¬ 
fore, forking the ground round and between the 
stocks deeply with a pronged fork, or even hoeing it 
with a three-toothed hoe, would destroy some and 
bury others so deeply that they could not get 
forth. 
Dr. Chapman has suggested the following practical 
method of prevention : ■' The caterpillars are in the 
crown of the stock, or near it, and under rubbish 
there collected. Rake this away, and earth the 
stock up again, and you will thus bury them, and 
most will perish.” 
Soot, lime, ashes, or soot and lime mixed, which 
form a pungent compound, might be forked or hoed 
into the ground in the autumn or winter. 
Raspberry canes in field culture are nearly all cut 
away, so that there are but few canes or stems left. 
It would be easy, ther€fore, to put a little thick soft 
soap composition containing paraffin oil, or carbolic 
acid, or some other offensive stuff, with a large paint¬ 
brush, upon the lower part of each cane that is left, 
in order to prevent the caterpillars from crawling up 
They are very small, and the least obstruction of a 
disagreeable nature, it is believed, would stop their 
progress. 
Cutting oft and burning the infested stems while 
the caterpillars are in the buds or receptacles, be¬ 
tween April and the middle of June, would destroy 
many caterpillars. This may be very freely done, as 
Raspberry canes throw up plenty of shoots to take 
the place of those cut away. 
t Delta, in the Entomological Magazine, describes this moth 
as maculis insignis et auro. 
t In 1892, caterpillars of the Lampronia rubiella were first 
found in Raspberry buds on April loth. 
