November 25, 1893. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
201 
plants and cast away the remainder. It requires 
determination to do this; but if the plants are 
crowded now, what are they to do for space later on ? 
The mere fact of crowding causes much of the 
failures to winter plants in a successful manner, 
and the above hint may be of interest to many.— 
Experience. 
POINSETTKS PLANTED OUT. 
It is not often that Poinsettias are seen planted out 
under glass, but they are so treated and very 
successfully by Mr. Lee, at Lydford Hall. They 
are planted out against the back wall of a stove, and 
have attained a great height, making strong shoots 
and giving promise of throwing magnificent heads of 
bracts. Mr. Lee assured me that they came grandly 
in this way, and that when the first heads were cut 
off the shoots broke out and gave a second crop of 
smaller bracts. —Cow. 
CONCERNING STOKING. 
This important item in garden management is rather 
apt to be shirked on account of its disagreeableness, 
yet all young gardeners will do well to make them¬ 
selves acquainted with the slightest details in con¬ 
nection with it, and give the most assiduous attention 
to all fires under their charge with a view to keeping 
up the desired temperatures with the smallest con¬ 
sumption of fuel. To do this the flues ought to be 
cleaned out weekly, and the ashpit daily. It is far 
too common to find young men negligent in these 
particulars. “Have you cleaned out the ashpit?” 
is a question often asked when they come with a 
long face saying “ My fire won’t burn,” " O, yes, I 
did it yesterday,” yet, when examined, the ashpit 
will be found possibly clear in front, but perfectly 
caked up at the back.— W.B.G. 
-- 
^afjepef?’ ipipfoVepiept JIppociatiopp, 
Birmingham and District. —On Wednesday of 
last week Mr. Herbert Stone, F.L.S., delivered an 
illustrated paper on “ Roots and their Functions ” 
before the members of the above Association. The 
chair was occupied by Mr. Leonard Brierley, J.P. 
(one of the Vice-Presidents), who heartily con¬ 
gratulated the Society on the exceptional progress it 
had made during the short course of its existence, 
and spoke highly of the valuable influence it had 
in contributing to the pleasure and information 
of its members. Mr. Stone described the parts of 
various roots, their methods of pushing themselves 
through the soil and of absorbing nourishment from 
it; and of the extraordinary property of the roots to 
exude an acid which had the effect of rendering 
soluble inorganic matter not usually soluble in 
water; this could be clearly demonstrated by placing 
some damp soil on a piece of marble and sowing any 
kind of seed on it; after the seeds had been growing 
for a little time the marble should be examined, when 
it would be found that there were thread-like marks 
all over it. He gave by means of a limelight lantern 
specimens of the different classes of roots, and gave 
figures to show the extraordinary amount of mois¬ 
ture that the plants absorb in the course of their 
growing period. A vote of thanks to Mr. Stone for 
his very excellent paper, and to Mr. Leonard 
Brierley for presiding, terminated the proceedings. 
Messrs. E. D. Clarke, Gosling, Chapman, W. B. 
Griffin, Rees, and W. H. Wilks, exhibited various 
blooms of Chrysanthemums and awards were made 
accordingly ; the blooms of the two former were ex¬ 
ceptionally fine. The next meeting will be held on 
Wednesday, December 6th, when the President, 
Alderman Wm. White, J.P., will deliver his address. 
Scottish Horticultural Association.—A meeting of 
this Association was held on the yth inst., at No. 5, 
St. Andrew Square, Mr. M'Kenzie in the chair. A 
paper on the training of fruit trees was communi¬ 
cated by Mr. Proctor. There were several forms 
in vcgue, he said, for the training of wall trees, and 
in this connection Mr. Proctor referred to the 
cordon, vertical, and other systems, each of which 
required frequent attention. Where labour and 
water were scarce it might be as well not to adopt 
the cordon system. His views lay between the two 
extremes, and he was in favour of the vertical 
system of training, with each branch distant from 
its neighbour about one foot. The process was also 
simple and more economic than the French system 
of training, which he did not think should be 
adopted. If our climate was deteriorating it might 
be better to pay more attention to the manipulation 
of fruit on walls. Mr. Proctor concluded with a 
reference to the colour of wall surfaces which should 
be adopted in the training of fruit trees, and said the 
desirability had been recognised of having white 
walls in vineries, although he did not know if it had 
been tried out of doors. Mr. Mackenzie, Warriston 
Nursery, opened the discussion with an excellent 
speech. He said he failed to see where the advan¬ 
tage of the vertical training came in for stone fruit 
trees, and in a very interesting way he defined the 
benefits of the “ fan ” system of training for stone 
fruits, while on the other hand he said the vertical 
system for Apples, etc., might have its advantages. 
Mr. Grieve, of Messrs. Dickson & Co., followed 
with a most humorous and practical speech. His 
definition and illustrations of the " fan,” “ cup,” 
etc., forms of training were most crushing and 
adverse to the adopting of the vertical system for 
stone fruits. Apples, he said, to grow in this cold 
clime, must be early varieties, and culinary Apples 
especially. Mr. Todd, florist, and others took part 
in the discussion, and Mr. Proctor made a very able 
reply, after which the Chairman conveyed the 
thanks of the meeting to him for his paper. 
WHAT TO MuTWe garden. 
Bouvardias. —Where the flowers of Bouvardias are 
utilised in the cut state, it is a mistake to stand the 
plants on one side under the impression that they 
are of no more value for the season. After the ter¬ 
minal trusses have been cut, the side ones develop 
and give a succession of bloom later on, so that by 
repeated cutting of these the main young shoots will 
get cut down almost to the base by the time the last 
crop of bloom is developed in spring. 
Euphorbia fulgens (jacquiniaeflora).—Keep the 
plants well up to the light at all times, otherwise the 
quantity of flowers that may develop will be 
small. The colour will also be brighter than if the 
plants are kept in shady positions. 
Stove temperature.—From 6o" to 65° will be 
quite sufficient for the minimum night temperature 
at present, as it is undesirable to unduly excite the 
plants in any way at this dull period of the year, 
when light is so weak and uncertain. In cold, 
frosty, or windy nights the lower figure will suffice, 
while the temperature during the day should be 
raised 10° or 15° according to the state of the 
weather. 
Crotons. —Where stock is not over plentiful, well 
coloured shoots, where they can be spared, may still 
be taken off and rooted. The process takes longer 
at this season of the year, than when light is good, 
but the propagating cases can well be spared at 
present, and the young plants come in very handy in 
spring for table decoration and similar work. 
Plants for the conservatory. —W'here the 
night temperature is kept up to 45® or 50°, this 
house may be kept very gay with Sericographis 
Peristrophe speciosa. Cyclamens, Chinese Primulas, 
Salvias, Eupatorium odoratum, and Chrysanthe¬ 
mums in any quantity grown in the bush form. 
Single varieties and pompons are also very service¬ 
able. Indeed, with the Chrysanthemums alone a dis¬ 
play may be kept up for some considerable time. 
Narcissi, Tu lips, etc. —^The forcing house should 
now be in full swing. Fresh batches should be put 
into heat at intervals in quantity proportionate to 
the needs of the place, of such things as Roman 
Hyacinths, Tulips, and Paper White Narcissus, 
which readily bear forcing. Amongst Tulips the 
Due Van Thol kinds are the most amenable to early 
forcing, but it must be remembered that if for¬ 
warded in strong heat, the flowers will be flimsy and 
perishable. 
Vineries.—Where it is imperative that bedding 
stuff or Chrysanthemums, should be kept in vineries 
where Grapes are still hanging, the best plan is to 
cut the bunches and take them to the fruit room. 
Previous to this the fruit room should be warmed 
up so as to dispel damp air, if it has not been 
already in use. The bunches should be cut with 
long stalks and nothing removed beyond the bunch, 
otherwise the berries may lose moisture by contact 
with a dry atmosphere. The vines themselves may 
be pruned if the leaves have all fallen. Succession 
houses to those already started should be got ready 
for starting next month. 
Peaches.—If ripe fruit is required about the 
latter half of May, the early house should be started 
immediately. While the weather remains mild, no 
fire heat will be necessary to keep up the tempera¬ 
ture to 40° or 45°. By the aid of fermenting 
materials a soft, humid atmosphere can be kept up, 
and it will stimulate the trees into growth more 
genially than could be done with fire heat. 
Cucumbers.—The principal points to attend to 
at present are the necessary stopping and tying, 
which will not be much at the present time, a 
judicious supply of water at the roots, to keep the 
glass of the house clean so as to admit the maximum 
amount of light, and to maintain a wholesome, 
growing atmosphere. 
Kitchen Garden.—Take every opportunity to 
dig or trench vacant ground in preparation for next 
year’s crops. While we are having rain it is almost 
impossible to get the necessary manure wheeled on 
to the ground. But there are spells of dry weather 
and east winds when the ground gets almost as dry as 
it often is in spring. The wheeling of manure may be 
accomplished then with comfort and without cutting 
up the walks. 
Hotbeds.—Those who require Rotates very early 
in the season must now make preparations for the 
same by getting together the necessary manure and 
leaves to be mixed in equal quantities, and shaken 
up in a heap together to ferment. Besides Rotates, 
Radishes and Carrots may also be raised on the 
same beds. 
- - 
Quescions ano ansoieFS. 
Names of Rlants.— y. H. : i. Aster diffusus 
horizontalis; 2, Ornithogalum lacteum.— H. S. : i, 
Rodriguezia secunda ; 2, Cochlioda sanguinea ; 3, 
Odontoglossum Edouardi.—L. A.: i, Chimonanthus 
fragrans grandiflorus ; 2, Retasites fragrans ; 3, 
Arabis procurrens ; 4, Daphne Mezereon (merely an 
unseasonable growth) ; 5, Daboecia polifolia; 6, 
Liquidambar Styraciflua. 
Swede and Rarasite. — A. C. Grant : We have 
examined the affected tuber microscopically, and 
can detect no external parasite, but the interior of 
the swollen part is filled with what are evidently the 
spores of Plasmodiophora Brassicae, the fungus 
which causes the disease known as Anbury or Finger 
and Toe. The tissues are deranged, discoloured, 
and swollen as a result of the excitement caused by 
the parasite. This part has thrown out numerous 
roots which have also become discoloured. Had 
the disease been more prevalent or more extensive, 
the appearances would no doubt have been more 
readily recognised. The tissues also swarmed with 
bacteria; but the latter were in all probability 
present as a result of the decay caused by the fungus 
above named. 
Chrysanthemum Charles Davis— A. C. : Like 
its parent this is very liable to variation, perhaps 
more so, owing to a peculiar habit of which it is 
possessed, flowering at different periods of the year. 
While the autumn flowers are being produced (say 
in November, to be definite), the suckers arising 
from the base develop flower buds straight away, 
and these bloom, giving flowers containing a great 
amount of red. If the suckers not showing buds 
are taken off in autumn, and rooted, they are almost 
certain to flower in spring if allowed, and here again 
the flowers are very dark. The crown buds in early 
autumn are almost sure to be pale, some of them 
quite pale ; but the terminal buds and the bulk of 
those developed in November are of a bronzy-yellow, 
shaded with rose, especially on the outer or older 
florets. This then should be taken as the type of the 
variety, because the most abundantly produced while 
the November shows are in active progress. So 
long as there is any bronze in the flower, surely the 
more decided the tint the better. If a decided 
yellow should turn up and the sport get fixed or 
established, so far so good ; there is room for a pure 
yellow of the Viviand Morel type, with the vigorous 
constitution and the large flowers of that variety. 
Rhododendron dahuricum. — Alex. Young: It is 
not unusual for this species to flower in autumn. It 
often does so, even in the far north, after a goed sea¬ 
son has ripened the wood and plumped up the bads 
rather early. In any case the buds are so far de¬ 
veloped in autumn that the first few weeks of mild 
weather by the end of February or in the beginning 
of March cause the buds to expand. 
Marguerites and Leaf Miners. — J. H.: When 
the grubs are full fed they pass into the pupa con¬ 
dition in the leaves and remain there until they 
emerge in the form of the perfect fly. You can 
detect the pupa condition by the dark spot in the 
leaf at the end of the burrow. The grubs and flies 
are not so active in winter, if kept in a very cool 
house, but with a little warmth they go on feeding 
and breeding. By carefully removing every leaf in 
which you can detect a burrow and burning them, 
you will greatly reduce the pest and prevent a deal 
of trouble next spring and summer. By syringing 
