February 10, 1894. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
369 
to be the publishers, and the book will be ready 
towards the end of the month. 
Injuring Trees in Epping Forest.—James Sharpe, 
Charles Grove, John Tolson, and William Law, 
squatters and labourers, were, at the Epping Police 
Court recently, charged with damaging Hornbeam 
and Holly trees in Epping Forest at Lambourne. 
The damaged trees were on the estate of Colonel 
Mark Lockwood, M.P., in whose behalf, Mr. B. 
Sorrell, solicitor, asked the magistrates to inflict 
exemplary penalties. The prosecutions had not 
been instituted, Mr. Sorrell explained, in respect to 
the value of the wood, but because it was becoming 
a common practice for trees to be cut down whole¬ 
sale, and unless the practice was stopped the beauty 
of the Forest would be spoilt. The magistrates 
fined each defendant and costs, or, in default, 
one month's hard labour, the Chairman (Mr. C. J. 
Bury) remarking that the defendants had been 
guilty of wanton and shameful damage to a 
charming forest which was kept for the use of the 
public. 
Honours to a Belgian Horticulturist.—We recorded 
the award of the Civic Cross of the First-class to 
M. Fr. Burvenich, Senr., on the 3rd December last, 
as a recompense for services rendered during a 
career of more than thirty-five years. Since then 
the students of the School of Horticulture at Ghent 
have given their professor a cordial ovation and 
offered him other touching expressions of their 
sentiments of affection, gratitude, and respect. 
Profiting also by the constitution of the new Society 
of Horticultural Students of the Ghent School, they 
presented M. Burvenich with a richly bound work 
accompanied by an address. On the 26th December 
the director and professors of the School supported 
by the council of administration of the Cercle 
d’Arboriculture presented in turn their lively con¬ 
gratulations to their sympathetic collegue. M. le 
Comte de Kerchove de Denterghem, president of the 
Cercle d'Arboriculture, congratulated in choice terms 
the hero of the hour, than whom no one merited it 
better. The ylh January was the day chosen by the 
hearers of the public lectures given during thirty-five 
years by M. Burvenich over different parts of the 
country, to testify their esteem and sentiments of 
cordial sympathy. The Bulletin d'Arboriculture, &^c., 
records other cases of the expression of sympathy 
and manifestations of cordiality that were show¬ 
ered upon the professor by his friends and stud¬ 
ents. 
Perfume of the Violet reproduced. —Two German 
chemists, Messrs. Tiemann and V. Kruger, says the 
Revue de L’Horticulture Beige, have discovered, after 
ten years’ research, how to manufacture the perfume 
of the Violet in all its characteristic qualities. They 
do not extract the perfumed matter of the Violet as 
has hitherto been done, the solved problem is other¬ 
wise very complex and interesting. They imitate 
nature, and by many proceedings they succeed in 
making in their laboratory, what, with the aid of the 
sun, the flower itself prepares during its develop¬ 
ment ; in short, they manufacture the perfume of 
the flower. It has been necessary for them to labour 
not only ten years, but to put in work enormous 
quantities of matter before arriving at the solution. 
In isolating the perfume of the root of Iris, they have 
effected this after quite a series of manipulations and 
reactions by putting their hand upon the perfume 
sought. Then by means of citral, an aldehide whicn 
exists in the essence of the citron, they have suc¬ 
ceeded in obtaining what they call an isomerous 
"cetone,”to which they give the name " lonone.” 
Now this “lonone" is the perfume even of the 
Violet while in flower. When they bring out a 
flagon full of “ lonone,” one imagines himself trans¬ 
ported into the midst of a field of odorous Violets. 
The Citron, whose perfume is well known, which 
comes from the laboratory, becomes modified and 
furnishes us with the Violet of the woods. And as 
the citral from which the perfume is derived can be 
obtained without citron, we are induced to say that 
chemists manufacture for us, very well with the 
materials of the laboratory, the odour even of the 
Violet. 
The Carnation, its History, Properties and Management, 
with a descriptive list of the best varieties in cultivation. By 
E. S. Dodwell. Third edition, with supplementary chapter on 
the Yellow Ground. London: Gardening World Office, i, 
Clement s Inn, Strand, W.C. is. 6d., post free, is. yd.—Advt.] 
NOTES ON HARDY PLANTS. 
Primula Sieboldi. 
During the past few years great improvements have 
been made in this important group of Japanese 
Primulas, both as regards colour and size, as was 
testified at several exhibitions last season by 
eminent firms who have taken them in hand, and by 
careful hybridisation have succeeded in producing 
shades of colour which were non-existent in the 
older varieties, as well as larger flowers and more 
compact trusses. There is no class of plants so 
elegant and with such a range of colour as these, as 
well as so easily cultivated either in pots for green¬ 
house decoration or out-door culture, even by the 
most inexperienced amateur, and for spring bedding 
they are among the most effective plants it is 
possible to imagine, having proved hardy in almost 
any soil. For pot culture a compost consisting 
mainly of leaf soil with a little loam and sand added 
makes an excellent mixture, but perfect drainage is 
essential. A light position is necessary to prevent 
the plants from becoming drawn, and a slight shading 
from brilliant sunshine when in flower is also bene¬ 
ficial. The following comprise a selection of the 
newer varieties, all of which are now easily procur¬ 
able : — 
Admiration .—Dark rose with distinct white veins. 
Bruce Findlay. —Heliotrope blue. A distinct and 
beautiful variety. 
Distinction. —Flowers deeply fringed, white shaded 
and laciniated rose, very large. 
Harry Leigh. —Perfect truss with distinct white 
eye and delicate lilac flowers. 
Magenta Queen.—Bright magenta with large com¬ 
pact trusses. 
Maiden's Blush .—One’of the best, flowers deeply 
fringed, pure white, while the back of petals pale 
rose. 
Miss Kelly. —Large compact trusses rosy pink with 
white centre. 
Miss V. Barnard. —Intense carmine, deeply fringed 
and one of the most distinct. 
Miss Nellie Ware .—A dwarf variety with large 
fringed flowers, exterior deep rose, interior white 
with delicate rose veins. 
Mrs. A. H. Jones .—A beautiful variety, large 
flowers of a pure white and tipped pink at edges. 
Mrs. Ryder. —Blush-white, very large flowers and 
perfect in form. 
Queen of Whites.—Bare white, perfect in form and 
colour, and the best white yet raised. 
Ruby Queen .—Rich carmine, large flowers, and a 
very pleasing variety.—F. Scaplehorn, Rose Bank, 
Fleet, Hants. 
-- 
TREE CARNATIONS. 
From now onwards, till the end of March, these 
may be readily struck in a warm frame or in a house 
under bell-glasses. If the latter are used, they must 
be taken off daily, and be wiped dry before being 
replaced. The best cuttings are small shoots taken 
from the flowering stems about 3 in. in length and 
inserted round the edges of small pots, using finely 
sifted soil, good yellow fibrous loam if procurable, 
with a free admixture of silver sand. Pot them off 
when rooted in similar soil, and put them into a 
warm pit or frame, gradually hardening them off and 
keeping them in cool frames till May, when they 
may be either planted out with a view to potting 
them up in September or be potted on. Those who 
intend growing them on in pots may pot them on as 
required, and if struck early and treated well until 
the end of May or early in June they ought then to 
be shifted into 5-in. pots. A few stoppings will in 
most cases be requisite to keep the plants bushy. 
A portion of the stock ought to be allowed to grow 
on without being stopped after August, so that they 
may come into flower in advance of the others. The 
best plants will most likely require a shift into 7-in. 
pots. To guard against these being soddened with 
water, it is best to keep them under glass until they 
root freely into the fresh soil, when they should be 
taken outside until finally housing for the winter 
months. Firm potting is essential to success, and a 
suitable compost would consist of two-thirds of 
yellow fibrous loam and a third of well-decayed leaf- 
soil or manure. Give a good sprinkling of sharp 
sand or grit to keep the soil open, and keep a sharp 
look-out for wire-worm. The Carnation maggot has 
given many a great deal of trouble during the last 
few years, an d I know of no better remedy for this 
than keeping a keen eye on the plants and removing 
the grub when seen by hand. A light airy structure, 
where a temperature of from 45° to 50? can be 
maintained, is the most suitable. A much lower 
temperature will winter them well enough, but if 
flowers are expected during the shoit days a 
temperature near that indicated will be required. 
Occasional watering with weak liquid manure is 
beneficial.— W. B. G. 
-- 
ON THE DWARFING OF 
JAPANESE PLANTS. 
Upon a space of 600 square yards of land the 
Japanese establish a complete landscape, imitating^ 
in the lowest reduction, the most beautiful scenes 
that Nature presents in that region of the extreme 
east. We pass very often with disdain before the 
kinds of plans of gardens that are to be seen at 
certain exhibitions, displayed upon a board with the 
foot-paths, lawns, baskets, and clumps of trees, all 
in relief; we would do perhaps the same at the sight 
of these small Japanese gardens, with their hills, 
their valleys and their little streams, their miniature 
cascades, their bridges, and the reduction of tree 
varied as the product of the Japanese flora. Still for 
all that, those who have visited, it might be only a 
part of that country, willingly recognise that those 
gardens so reduce! respond to all the rules of pure 
esthetics, and that the gardener has only had one 
aim, that of imitating nature in the most beautiful of 
that which she offers, the most varied and at the 
same time the most harmenions. Truly we love the 
picture of the artist, who reproduces in the minutest 
details a picturesque view, a remarkable landscape. 
But our taste does not admit the dwarfing produced 
by the oriental gardeners. 
The science of those is carried for a large part 
towards the reproduction in very small examples of a 
series of trees and above all green trees. At the 
last horticultural congress of Chicago, M. H. Izawa 
has made known the following proceedings by the 
Japanese to obtain the smallest specimens. They 
operate more particularly upon Pinus densiflora, P. 
parviflora, P. Thunbergii, and a series of others. 
They proceed generally with trees obtained from 
seed. In the spring of the second year, when the 
young plants are about 10 in. high, they are bent in 
the directions wished, by means of bamboo stems 
and cords of rice straw. Afterwards they are trans¬ 
planted into a rich and well manured soil. In the 
spring following, they are again submitted to tying 
and bent according to the forms of fancy. That 
treatment is repeated until the seventh year, then 
the young trees have already great dimensions; the 
branches will be gracefully disposed, and the foliage 
forms a cloud of verdure. They are transferred into 
vases 12 in. to 20 in. in diameter and well watered. 
Every year the new growths are carefully pinched, 
and three years later the young trees are perfectly 
dwarfed and do not take any more development. 
For Thuyas, the process is done by way of graft¬ 
ing. A Thuya gigantea from seed is put into the 
open ground well manured until it attains a height 
of 4 ft. II in. In the middle of spring, it is pruned, 
preserving the top : by means of a chisel, grooves 
about an inch long are made lengthways of the stem 
at distances of 2 in. to 3 in. apart, in such a manner 
that the trunk twists easily in the desired direction, 
and in the strangest manner possible ; it is bound 
round with plaited rice straw. In the spring of the 
second year, the plants are put in pots in a rich soil, 
and two years later they receive the grafts of Reti- 
nospora obtusa. 
Here is how they proceed : the stock of Thuya 
gigantea receives an ample manuring; in the first 
spring, the grafts of Retinospora obtusa are cut 
obliquely, to insert them at every 2 in. apart upon 
the more slender parts of Thuya gigantea ; they are 
tied with bands of rice, and the plants are put into a 
shaded position, sheltered from draughts at a tem¬ 
perature of 36°. That is augmented by a degree 
every day. After three weeks a little air is admitted, 
and a temperature of 59° is given during two 
weeks, rising to 68° or 70° during fifteen 
days. The leaves soon show themselves. At the 
end of spring, when the internal and external tem¬ 
perature is almost the same, the plants are put into 
shade, in the open air. Provided all the grafts have 
taken, all the remaining shoots of Thuya gigantea are 
