April 21, 1894. 
535 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
and hard cut back every winter so as to encourage 
the development of strong shoots and correspond¬ 
ingly large leaves, as well as for the purpose of 
limiting their growth within the desired limits of 
extension. 
Summer effects are also produced by the dowering 
of species of Cistus, Weigelas, Scotch Laburnum, 
Privets of sorts. Mock Oranges, Roses, Robinias, 
the Snowball Tree, and other Viburnums, shrubby 
Spiraeas, Limes, and Sweet Chestnuts ; and later on 
by the weeping Crimean Lime, the Catalpas and the 
Japan Pagoda-tree (Sophora japonica), which may be 
said to carry the season well into autumn, for the 
flowers are often subjected to cold nights and early 
frosts. 
Autumn effects from several points of view are as 
equally well pronounced, if not more so, than those 
of summer. In the latter case the ground every¬ 
where is clad with verdure, and the trees present 
masses of green, the variation in tone of which is 
but little noticed except by the more observant 
admirers of Nature. As autumn progresses, bring¬ 
ing full maturity in its train, deciduous trees of most 
kinds interline the masses of green with rich tints 
and shades of various colours, often of a most pro¬ 
nounced and handsome character. Liquidambars 
become crimson. Chestnuts green and yellow, the 
Norway Maple wholly yellow, while the Sycamore 
and other species present a mixture of tints, the 
Golden Larch and the Maidenhair Tree assume a 
uniformly golden hue, the deciduous Cypress dull 
brown, the Elm becomes masses of a rich golden 
hue, often alternating with masses of green, the 
species of Rhas change to crimson or yellow, like 
the Virginian Creeper, while the Japan Ivy assumes 
a bronzy tint of greater or less depth. The Beech 
looks noble even in its light brown hues, while the 
various species of Oak develop tints of yellow, 
brown, russet, and even deep red. Some of them 
prolong their effects till well into winter. We can¬ 
not expect a floral display in autumn, with exception 
of the Sophora above mentioned, the Syrian Mallow, 
and later on by the Wych Hazel. A few berried 
subjects are, however, worth noticing, such as the 
Cotoneasters, Siberian and other Crabs, Hawthorns, 
Fiery Thorn, Buckthorn, Snowberry, Sweet Brier, 
and Dog Rose, the fruits of which hang till well 
into the winter, when they become all the more 
prominent or conspicuous and appreciable. 
Landscape can afford many beautiful spectacles 
even in winter, and by a judicious exercise of skill 
when planting, pleasing effects of various kinds can 
be assured when the trees and shrubs assume their 
natural dimensions or have attained a fair size. 
Nearly all the Conifers, particularly the tall ones, 
are productive of more striking features in the land¬ 
scape during winter than in summer. Their varied 
tints of dark sombre green, grey, blue, and glaucous 
or silvery hues are brought into strong relief by the 
leafless condition of deciduous trees. The silvery 
sheen of Cedrus atlantica glauca tells finely by con¬ 
trast with the dark green Cedar of Lebanon, Yews, 
and even the more sober hue of the Deodar. The 
spiry, conical, or pyramidal habits of the Silver 
Firs, Spruces, and some of the Pines are engaging 
landmarks as seen against wintry skies, and look 
more leathery and beautiful when laden with a light 
coating of lightly drifted snow. The Holly looks 
handsome when laden with red berries, and the 
Holly Oaks' look ponderous and sheltering. Even 
deciduous trees when allowed to assume their natural 
form and habit have all their characteristic features 
of contour, mode of branching, and spray.— J. F. 
- ^ - 
©bituar^. 
Death of Mr. John Halliday. —^With much regret 
we have to record the death on the i8th inst., at 
Middle Claydon, Winslow, in his 88th year, of Mr. 
John Halliday, formerly gardener to the Earl of 
Mansfield, at Scone Palace, Perthshire. Mr. 
Halliday was many years at Scone, and was as much 
esteemed for his high personal character and pro¬ 
fessional attainments in the horticultural world at 
large, as he was respected and beloved by those who 
served under him. His labours on behalf of horti¬ 
culture are an honour to his good name, and truly 
may it be said that Scottish horticulture is the 
poorer by his loss. The charge of the gardens at 
Scone has always been considered one of the prizes 
of the profession in Scotland, and on the retirement 
of Mr. Halliday his mantle fell upon Mr. Alexander 
Mackinnon, and it is gratifying to know that under 
his fostering care and skill gardening at Scone has 
lost none of its lustre. 
CLUBBING OF CABBAGES. 
Under the heading of " Gas Lime,” p. 516, one of 
your correspondents in correcting a mistake falls 
into another. He says that “ one writer after 
another gives details how to destroy an insect 
affecting the roots of our Cabbages and Cauliflowers, 
while the mischief is all the time done by another 
pest.” On the contrary, I agree with both sets of 
writers when they are speaking or writing from their 
experience. There is a fungoid disease and also 
an insect that affects the roots, not only of Cabbages, 
but of all the Brassica tribe, including Turnips. I 
have been familiar with both pests for more than 
twenty years; but in my early experience the 
Cabbage was most affected with the insect referred 
to by writers, and the Turnip was most often the 
victim of great ravages by the slimy fungus or 
Plasmodiophora Brassicae. 
The two forms of attack are very similar in their 
commencement as far as the naked eye can determine 
without cutting the roots ; but while the excrescences 
or protuberances formed by the insect or Cabbage 
Gall Weevil (Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis) never attain 
a larger size than a Marrow-fat Pea or small Cherry, 
unless several of them coalesce by their proximity 
to one another, the slimy fungus on the contrary in 
bad cases produces swellings as large as the clenched 
fist or even larger. This is formed in the primary 
or main roots, and the smaller roots also become 
affected, until the plant succumbs or dies, unable to 
obtain any further supplies of nourishment owing to 
the destruction of the roots by the insidious and fell 
disease. By cutting the roots the observer can 
determine by the naked eye from which of the two 
pests his plants are suffering. The galls produced 
by the insect are hollow, and if examined sufficiently 
early contain a white grub with a brown head inside. 
The tubers produced by the fungus are solid, 
and often show black patches after they attain some 
size and spores are being developed. Moreover, 
both pests may and frequently do exist in the 
same piece of cabbage ground, or even on the same 
plant. 
All the Cabbage tribe are often sown on the same 
piece of ground year after year, so that the beds are 
literally infested with the spores of the fungus, and 
constitute a happy hunting ground for the Cabbage 
Gall Weevil. When the .seedlings are transplanted 
to their permanent quarters they are already attacked 
by one or both the pests, and the latter are thus 
disseminated far and wide. If the galls are cut 
away with a knife while still small, and the roots 
puddled in soot water before planting, the cultivator 
may not be troubled any more with the pest for a 
season, because if the principal root is safe, the 
insects are seldom so plentiful as to destroy all the 
lateral ones. Not so with the fungus producing the 
true clubbing. The smallest bit of this in the root 
may develop so as to completely destroy the Cabbage 
or a whole plantation of them long before the season 
is over. Prevention is better than cure. Fresh 
ground should be selected for seed beds. Ground 
for all of the Brassica tribe should be deeply 
trenched to bury both insects and fungus spores. 
All diseased tubers should be removed and burned. 
Old Cabbage ground should be planted with some¬ 
thing else for two or three years. It is too much to 
expect a sprinkling of gas or any other form of lime 
to kill the spores secure in the centre of large root 
tubers. Fresh lime should be forked into the sur¬ 
face of prepared soil in autumn, or at least two 
months before planting time, to guard against injury. 
—F. 
--- 
THE USES OF GAS LIME. 
Your correspondent ” W. P. R.” would seem to 
belong to that army of doubters of whose progeni¬ 
tors it was once said " Neither will they be persuaded 
though one rose from the dead,” yet I am tempted to 
note that two other correspondents support my 
contention, though I doubt if the testimony of either 
will have any influence with him. Will he, however, 
get Miss Ormerod's " Injurious Insects and Common 
Farm Pests, their prevention and remedy, ” and then 
turn to page 156 and read what Dr. Voelcker says 
about the valuable effects of gas lime, and I submit 
that Dr. Voelcker’s opinion is equal to that of Pro¬ 
fessor Bates. Then there is Miss Ormerod's own 
testimony allied to that of one of our most eminent 
Metropolitan market gardeners, Mr. Wilmot, of 
Isleworth. 
Mr. Roberts, a former gardener at Gunnersbury 
Park, Acton, once told me that the extensive market 
fields about there had become so cabbage sick that 
no Brassica would grow until gas lime was applied, 
which destroyed all club ^nd then any of the cabbage 
tribe could be grown again. What does " W. P. R. ” 
think of this additional brick to the wall of others’ 
experience and scientific testimony ?—A .D. 
-- 
fARDENlNG UlSCELLANY. 
Ceanothus rigidus. 
There are several species of Ceanothus which all 
garden lovers cannot fail to admire when they see 
them in full bloom. The only drawback to their 
general cultivation is that they are not perfectly 
hardy, and consequently liable to be killed or 
injured during winter. That under notice is nearly 
hardy, for it has stood against an east aspect wall 
at Kew for several winters, and has now grown into 
a handsome plant covering many square feet of wall 
space. It could not have suffered the slightest 
injury last winter, for it is now in full bloom, and a 
charming picture it is. The flowers are produced 
in small round clusters from the buds, developed 
all along the shoots of the previous year, and so 
closely placed are these clusters that they completely 
hide the twigs, forming long wreaths of great beauty. 
The individual flowers are small, as in the case of 
all the species of Ceanothus, and in this case are 
bluish purple with a darker purple centre and yellow 
anthers. If the wall were of white instead of red 
bricks, the flowers would be conspicuous from a 
great distance. The dark green leaves are wedge- 
shaped, toothed, and remain upon the plant all the 
winter. Both in size and shape they are not unlike 
those of Berberis Darwinii. The species comes from 
California and, were it sufficiently hardy to be grown 
as a bush in the open shrubbery, it would find not 
only a large number of admirers, but also cultivators, 
for it is really very beautiful, and presents a colour 
rarely seen amongst trees or shrubs in this country. 
STERIPKOMA CLEOVIOIDES. 
Only about three species of this genus are known 
to science, and curious as well as beautiful are the 
flowers of that under notice. The leaves are oblong 
aud thinly sprinkled with stellate down. The flowers 
are borne in a terminal raceme while the plant is only 
a foot high. The calyx, strangely enough, is the most 
ornamental part of the plant, for it is of a deep and 
bright orange, the pedicels of the blooms being even 
more intensely coloured. The petals are as long 
again as the calyx, but they are only creamy yellow, 
and therefore pale by comparison. The filaments 
and the long stalked Ovary with its style reach a 
length of 2^ in., but like the petals they are pale. 
A plant has been flowering for some time past in the 
stove at Kew. 
FRITILLARIA DELPHINENSIS MOGGRIDGEI. 
Many of the numerous species of Fritillary have 
flowers which are characterised by brown colours of 
various shades, and more or less chequered with 
some other hue, generally yellow, white or green. 
That under notice is a charming variety, and 
sufficiently ornamental to be worth cultivating even 
in small collections. The typical form is vinous- 
purple and spotted with yellow, while F. A. Mogg- 
ridgei is a yellow variety more or less tinted with 
green, and beautifully spotted with brown upon the 
inner face. The flowers are not quite so large as 
those of F. latifolia or F. pallidiflora, but they are 
more distinctly and more highly coloured, and for 
that reason, more ornamental for garden purposes. 
The whole plant is usually less than a foot in height, 
and is therefore very suitable for cultivation in the 
front line of a border or upon the rockery. It is a 
native of the Maritime Alps, and therefore perfectly 
hardy in this country. A patch of it may be seen 
in the collection at Kew. 
TULIPA EICHLERI. 
The huge size of the flowers of this species may be 
compared with those of T. Greigei, but the markings 
at the base of the flower are quite different and re¬ 
markably beautiful. The three outer ones are 
reflexed towards the apex and suddenly pointed ; 
they are of a brilliant scarlet, with a rounded or 
wedge-shaped black blotch, surrounded with a yellow 
line at the base of the inner face. The inner petals 
are more pointed, more erect, and similarly coloured. 
