10 
PRACTICAL PART 
leader, and cutting out all branches large enough 
to compete with the stem, low enough to be 
reached by cattle, or the growth of which is up¬ 
right or parallel to the stem. Cut all close to 
the stem. Dig a trench round the tree, at the 
distance of about twenty inches from it. Under¬ 
mine the ball of earth, at the depth of about 
three feet, so that every root may be cut pre¬ 
vious to lifting it. Tie some old carpeting or 
matting round the stem of the tree. Place the 
machine, without the shafts, on the planks, and 
block the wheels ; the centre of the axle over 
the centre of the ball of earth, and the ring of 
the windlass rope at the foot of the tree. Place 
the chain with the round links horizontally, and 
loosely, round the lower part of the ball of earth, 
so that it lies on the ground in the pit. Cross 
the end held in the left hand twice over 
the end held in the right hand, and lay both 
ends down. Pass one of the other chains, as far 
as its middle, through the ring of the windlass 
rope. Pass the ends of this chain beneath the 
horizontal chain, and hook the ends back on the 
chain itself. Do the same with the four re¬ 
maining chains. So that wheji the windlass is 
worked, these live vertical chains, being at equal 
distances from each other, shall bear an equal 
