Nov. 15th, 1884. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
171 
And if anyone will try the experiment of sowing a few 
seeds in early ground in an open sunny spot in the 
autumn, they will, by means of a little care, be able 
to winter the plants successfully, and in early summer, 
some time before the Sweet Peas sown in spring are in 
flower, they will be able to cut pretty blossoms with 
which to decorate their homes. The moral of this 
article is—Grow Sweet Peas w T ell. Give them good 
soil and plenty of room, and they will repay the 
cultivator fifty-fold.— Quo. 
— ~ — 
Winter Flowering Carnations_Grateful alike 
to the sense of sight and smell is the rich houseful of 
these in full bloom at Messrs. Veitch’s Eoyal Exotic 
Nursery, Chelsea, where their culture is well managed 
and considered so simple that it is a wonder more do 
not grow these useful plants. The raising of stock for 
next year’s flowering at Chelsea begins by putting in 
cuttings now, and continuing until enough is struck. 
When rooted the plants are potted into single pots and 
kept in a cold house until spring, when they are potted 
into large 48-sized pots. As soon as the early summer 
sets in, they are turned into cold pits, the lights being 
put on at night until the hot weather comes, when they 
are left quite open, the plants being plunged in cocoa-fibre 
refuse to guard them against being injured by drought. 
In September they are removed to a cold airy green¬ 
house, where they are now, as usual at this season 
and all through the winter, making a fine show. The 
most telling varieties appear to be :■—Andalusia, prim¬ 
rose ; Pride of Penshurst, bright yellow; Bright 
Phoebe, scarlet; Valencia, fringed crimson; Laura, 
blush, fringed ; Miss Jolliffe, blush; Eulgore, red ; La 
Belle, white ; Benown, slate and scarlet; Mrs. Keen, 
dark crimson; Iona, blush flake; Lady Macbeth, 
flesh; Caxton, rose; Faust, rose and purple flake; 
Thos. Wallis, scarlet and crimson flake; Sir Evelyn 
Wood, plum colour; Whipper-in, scarlet flake; 
Hermine, white; Le Favori, bright rose ; Gloire de 
Nancy, white; Princess Stephanie, pure white; and 
Elsie, sulphur yellow. 
Mr. Turner also grows a large quantity of these 
valuable free-flowering and sweet-smelling flowers. 
He, too, propagates early, and grows them in good 
loam, well-decayed manure, and sand. At Slough 
are also raised a vast number of seedlings, in which 
interesting work the veteran, John Ball, appears to 
be as successful as he has been, with the Alpine 
Auricula. The strain is undoubtedly a fine one, and 
kept up to a high standard by rigorously discarding 
all but the finest and all but those which prove to 
be truly perpetual bloomers. The following varieties 
we noted a few days ago as being specially worthy of 
recommendation :—Mrs. Llewellyn, bright rose, and 
dwarf bushy habit; Field Marshal, deep scarlet, dwarf 
and free; Negro, dark maroon; Flambeau, buff ground, 
heavily edged with red; Juliette, deep rose; Whipper- 
in, a fine scarlet flake ; Lord Bokeby, bright scarlet; 
Seraph, fine deep rose; Bufus, also scarlet, and one 
of the best; Mrs. Dix, buff ground, edged with scarlet, 
not yet sent out; Worthington Smith, scarlet ; and 
King of the Scarlets, a flower of great substance and 
very pretty, and which has also not yet been put into 
commerce. 
Phlox Drummondi.—This beautiful half-hardy 
annual, said originally to have come from Texas, and 
introduced about the year 1835, is one of the most 
useful bedding plants we have, being easy to raise 
from seed in spring, dwarf in habit of growth, and the 
most floriferous of all plants I know of. Continuing 
in flower late into the season, it is a most useful 
subject to cut from at this time for filling glasses and 
vases for the dwelling-rooms, and the flowers have the 
further merit of lasting a long time when cut, besides 
being wonderfully varied in colour. At the present 
time (November 10th) the beds are as gay and as 
brilliant as possible; we could cut a barrowful of blooms, 
whereas the beds of Heliotropes, Dahlias, both double 
and single, Ageratums, and some other things have all 
been cut down by frost. It is remarkable, too, what 
a lot of dashing about by rain Phlox Drummondi will 
stand, for when the wind dries up the moisture they 
look as bright as if they had been under cover. I have 
used them for several years largely for cut purposes in 
the autumn months, and have had them fresh and 
bright tin nearly Christmas.— T. IF., North Norfolk. 
Carter’s Solid Ivory Celery. —This Celery, 
which I have this year for trial, will, I believe, turn 
out to be something very much wanted and worth 
growing, especially by amateurs and those who have 
not too much time to spare. It is of somewhat the 
same character as the new American sort “ Hender¬ 
son’s White Plume,” sent out last year. It is very 
dwarf, but thick and solid-looking, and the hearts 
coming quite white, so that very little earthing up 
is needed. I have not yet. lifted any, as we use the 
Sandringham for the earliest lot, but I think from its 
appearance that it will be a great boon to many.—- 
R. Stevens, Paston. 
Jerusalem Artichokes. —There seems to be a 
general consensus of opinion that the Jerusalem 
Artichoke is an excellent and delicious vegetable, 
when properly cooked and accompanied by the in¬ 
evitable roast mutton, at least if the quantity annually 
consumed, and the prices they command may be 
taken as sufficient evidence. Their origin, however, 
is by no means so clear, judging from the various 
accounts to be found in books. There must always 
be a certain amount of interest in tracing back to 
then.’ wild originals our improved races of cultivated 
plants, and thus being able to realize the changes 
which have been induced by that process of selec¬ 
tion which is so well known to the cultivator. The 
origin of the so-called Jerusalem Artichokes—Sun¬ 
flower Artichokes they might well be called, for the 
plant has nothing to do with Jerusalem whatever ; 
that term, however strange it may seem, being a 
corruption of the Italian Girasole, i.e., a Sunflower—■ 
but whatever the name, their origin has, until quite 
recently, been somewhat vague. In the American 
Journal of Science and Arts, for 1877, is a paper, by 
Mr. J. Hammond Trumbull and Dr. Asa Gray, entitled 
“Notes on the History of Helianthus tuberosus ” ; 
from which we condense most of the following 
remarks. 
The first trace of the Jerusalem Artichoke in Europe 
appears to be in the second part of Fabio Colonna’s 
Ecplvrasis minus cognitarum stirpium (cap. 6),published 
at Borne in 1616. It is there described as “Aster 
Peruanus, tuberosa radiee”j otherwise “Solis, flos 
Farnesianus,” from a plant growing in the garden of 
Cardinal Farnese. It was introduced to England 
about 1617. In that year, Mr. John Goodyer, of 
Maple Durham, Hampshire, “ received two small roots 
thereof, from Mr. Franquevill of London,” which were 
planted and enabled him, before 1621, to “ store 
Hampshire.” He wrote an account of the plant, 
under date of October 17th, 1621, for T. Johnson, who 
printed it in his edition of Gerarde’s Herbal, 1636 
(p. 753). Before this the species had been figured and 
described by J. Parkinson, in Paradisus Terrestris 
(London, 1629) as “Battatas de Canada ” and in his 
Theater of Plants, 1640 (p. 1383), he has a good 
figure, without description, under the names “ Battatas 
de Canada, the French Battatas, or Hierusalem Arti¬ 
choke.” Johnson, in Gerarde (p. 753, as quoted 
above), refers to Parkinson’s description, and gives 
the name as “Flos Solis Pyramidalis, Jerusalem 
Artichoke,” and remarked it “ grows well and plenti¬ 
fully in many parts of England.” 
Coming now to the native country of the Artichoke, 
we find that Champlain ( Voyages , ed. 1632, p. 84) 
when in New England in 1605-6, found that the 
Ahnouch iquois Indians, near Point Mallebarre (prob¬ 
ably Nauset harbor) had “force des racines qu’els 
cultivent,lesquellesont le gout d'articliaut.” Lescarbot 
(Hist, de la Nouv. France, 1612, p. 840) evidently 
alludes to these same roots when he says that in the 
country of the Almouchiquois (i.e., New England, 
west and south of Maine), a certain kind of roots 
are grown, “grosses comme naveaux, trbs excel- 
lentes h manger, ayans un gout retirant aux cardes, 
mais plus agreable, lesquelles plantees multiplient 
en telle fa£on que c’est merveille.” These he thinks 
must be the “ Alfrodilles ” described by Pliny. 
Sagard-Theodat (Hist, du Canada, 1636, p. 785), 
mentions the “ roots that we [the French] call 
Canadiennes or Pommes de Canada, and that the 
Hurons call brasqueinta, which are not very common 
in their country. They eat them raw, as well as 
cooked.” It is very plain that these Huron roots 
were Jerusalem Artichokes. 
Mr. Trumbull observes, “ I find no mention of the 
Artichoke in Virginia, or the southern colonies, before 
it was cultivated by Anglo-Americans. The author of 
A Perfect Description of Virginia, printed in 1649, 
says that the English Planters have (amongst others) 
‘ roots of several kindes, Potatoes, Sparagus, Carrets, 
.... and Hartiehokes.’ Beverley (Hist, of Virginia, 
1722, p. 254), mentions ‘Batatas Canadensis or 
Jerusalem Artichoke,’ as planted by some of the 
English, for brewing beer. Hariot (Brief and True 
Report, &c., 1585), mentions as found in Virginia 
‘ Kaishucpenauk, a white kind or roots about the 
bignes of hen egs and nere of that forme : . . . the 
inhabitants vsed to boile and eat many.’ These may 
be ‘ Virginia Potatoes,’ but their name, if Hariot 
recorded it correctly, means ‘ Sun-tubers.’ The 
etymology is perfectly clear. It ought to belong to 
some species of Sun Flower, and if to any to II. 
tuberosus." 
C. Bauhin in his Pinax (ed. 1671, p. 276), notes 
that the “ Helianthemum Indicum tuberosum ” is 
called “ Chrysanthemum e Canada, quibusdam. 
Canada et Artischoki sub terra, aliis Gigantea, 
Burgundis.” He also identifies it with a plant 
described in his earlier Prodromus (p. 70), as 
“ Chrysanthemon latifolium Brazilianum,” from a 
dried specimen sent to him from the garden of 
Contarini. 
Linneus, in his Hortus Cliffortianus, gives the 
native country as “ Canada,” but in his later Species 
Plantarmn says “ Habitat in Brasilia.” 
Alphonse De Candolle (Geogr. Bot., II., p. 824), 
thinks the plant is not a native of Canada proper, nor 
yet of Brazil or Peru, but probably of Mexico or the 
United States, adding that Humboldt did not meet 
with it in any of the Spanish colonies. 
Dr. Asa Gray in his Synoptical Flora of North 
America (II., p. 280, 1884) says the plant occurs in 
“ moist alluvial ground, from Upper Canada to 
Saskatchewan, and south to Arkansas and middle 
parts of Georgia. Was cultivated by the aborigines, 
and the tubers developed ; now widely dispersed under 
cultivation.” Previous to this Dr. Gray had expressed 
the opinion that Helianthus doronicoides was the wild 
original of the cultivated H. tuberosus. This was 
in some measure due to his having received, from 
Dr. Short of Kentucky, some small tubers, said to be 
H. doronicoides; and which under cultivation produced 
larger tubers, similar to H. tuberosus in flavour, though 
much coarser. The appearance of the plant, when 
growing, was also almost indistinguishable. He now 
shows that these were really wild Artichokes, and that 
the true H. doronicoides is a different plant. 
From the above somewhat disconnected history we 
may make the following inferencesThat Helianthus 
tuberosus, or the so-called Jerusalem Artichoke, is widely 
diffused in North America, from Canada to Arkansas 
and Georgia ; truly wild in some localities, and perhaps 
escaped from cultivation in others. That from pre¬ 
historic times the Indian warriors have used them as 
an article of food, and as their rude civilization 
advanced have cultivated, and thus improved them; 
long before the pale faces disturbed their happy 
hunting-grounds. That some of the early European 
travellers found them in the Indian settlements, and 
brought them to Europe ; whence they quickly found 
their way to England, in 1617; since which time they 
have been largely cultivated as an article of food. We 
also gather that the early English colonists took out 
with them various seeds and roots to then’ new home 
across the Atlantic, and amongst them the Jerusalem 
Artichoke, thus conveying it back to its native home. 
And we may dismiss the reputed Brazilian, Peruvian 
and Mexican habitats with the remark that even if 
they have ever been there they were doubtless first 
introduced from North America to those places. 
We may well conclude with the following note from 
Gerarde (Herbal, ed. 1636, p. 754) ;—“ The roots are 
dressed divers wayes, some boile them in water, and 
after strew them with sacke and butter,[adding a little 
ginger. Others bake them in pies, putting Marrow, 
Dates, Ginger, Baisons of the sun, Sacke, &c.” 
Whether a subsequent remark, respecting then- being 
better suited for the food of hogs, may be attributed 
to the mode of cooking, we are unable to say.— X. 
