602 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
May 23rd, 1885. 
a sufficiency of water to moisten uniformly the whole 
of the soil in the pot, but it is well not to give it for a 
day or two ; also, until they begin to form fresh roots, 
or become established in their new quarters, they 
should be shaded from the sun. In shifting plants 
into a larger-sized pot, it is generally advantageous 
to select one that is about one, or not more than two, 
sizes larger than the old pot, as the production of 
rootlets is considered to be much encouraged by their 
being nearer the sides of the pots. Much injury is 
sometimes inflicted by careless shifting. It will fre¬ 
quently occur, especially when the operation has been 
too long deferred, that a mass of closely-bound roots 
will be found enclosing the crocks or draining material, 
in endeavouring to free which, as well as in loosening 
the soil outside the ball of earth, many of the roots 
and tender rootlets are seriously injured, from the 
effects of which the plant is sometimes a long time 
recovering.— Quo. 
— -J —- 
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 
The Codlin Moth Caterpillar. —This does much 
harm in some years by feeding within the growing 
Apples, until the destruction of the centre of the 
fruit causes it to fall to the ground. The simple 
plan of having the small fallen Apples (which are 
quite worthless) gathered up as soon as possible, 
and destroyer) before the caterpillar has left the 
fruit, is the best method of prevention. The cater¬ 
pillar usually leaves the Apple soon after it has 
fallen, and crawls up the tree to turn to chrysa¬ 
lis, or in some cases hybernate in caterpillar state 
under rough bark or other shelter. If, therefore, 
the grubs can be prevented crawling up the stem 
by a band of any sticky composition being smeared 
round the lower part of the trunk, much of this 
attack would be prevented. For present prevention 
(even as late as the next week or two) it would be 
worth w'hile, in the case of choice trees which are 
suspected of being infested, to scrape off any rough 
bark, and rub and brush soft soap w'ell into any 
forks or rifts where the chrysalids, or even hyber- 
nated caterpillars, may be sheltering. • 
It has been found in Germany and in California, 
though I am not aware that it has been reported 
in England, that the caterpillar sometimes winters 
beneath the surface of the earth, close to the trunk 
of the tree, or in decayed roots. I therefore advise 
turning the soil back, just round the stem, to a 
depth of about 6 ins., and replacing it with a 
little fresh soil and quicklime. In my own garden 
I have had the ground, for about 1 ft. round all 
the trees, soaked on the surface with paraffin and 
water. 
The first attack of the season comes from the 
moths, which will soon be appearing (unless prevented 
as above) and laying their eggs on some part of the 
blossom or embryo fruit, whence the caterpillars eat 
into the young forming Apple. Later on, if a second 
attack occurs, the caterpillars eat their way into 
sound formed fruit. This attack needs watching, 
for the “codlin moth” (Carpocapsa pomonana) is 
very hurtful to American fruit, and the amount of 
injury may prove to be increased by imported Apples. 
Where packing-cases or baskets have held grub- 
infested fruit, they should be disinfected by thorough 
scalding, or any other treatment that would kill 
the grubs. 
Bean Caterpillars. —In regard to the Bean 
caterpillars, inquiry ivas sent early in March respect¬ 
ing “ earth grubs,” which were then destroying 
winter Beans, by gnawing their stems through 
underground. About two acres of the twenty-acre 
field attacked were then considered to be past 
hope. The caterpillars were about 1 in. long, 
creamy-white, more or less dotted with black, 
with brown horny heads, and brow r n mark on next 
segment, and agreed with the figure and description 
given by John Curtis of the caterpillars of the garden 
swift moth, the Hepialus lupulinus, of which he said 
that the “ destructive qualities were scarcely to be 
equalled by the surface grubs.” 
Th ey feed on the roots of a great variety of plants, 
but especially on those of Grass in meadows and on 
couch Grass; but as far as is known are not like 
the allied kind, the Hepialus humuli, hurtful to hops. 
T he caterpillars sent from Beans did well in earth 
containing only Grass roots. The chrysalids are 
to be found in the ground in May. The moths 
are upwards of 1 in. across in the spread of the 
wings, and very variable in colour, but commonly 
the upper wings of the male are of a tawny or 
clay colour, with a few w’hite lines making a 
short stripe down the middle of the wing, and a 
kind of narrow band within the hinder margin 
and extremity. The females are more dusky. The 
hind wings are brown or greyish. The moths may 
be seen in large numbers at evening time towards 
the end of May, and in June, in meadows and 
hovering over grassy banks; and the caterpillars are 
especially named as having been observed in the 
roots of common couch Grass. 
All the measures found serviceable in breaking 
up pasture land, or Wheat stubble, relatively to 
clearing out wireworm or daddy long-legs grubs, 
w y ould act equally well to destroy these swift moth 
caterpillars, which are to be found in these localities, 
and which, being soft and much more liable to 
injury, -would be more readily acted on by the 
regular dressings and treatment than the above- 
named hard or tough grubs. Where the moths 
have been seen in large numbers over Wheat stubbles 
late in the summer, or on fields foul with couch 
Grass, it would be desirable to skim, and collect, 
and burn the roots. The bad attack mentioned 
above was after wheat. 
When a growing crop is infested, hoeing as much 
as possible amongst the plants may do good, 
likewise applications such as nitrate of soda, or 
guano and a little salt, or paraffin in ashes ; but 
autumn prevention is the best remedy. From 
specimens sent in previous years I believe this 
attack to be not uncommon. 
The Beau-seed Weevil.— Samples of Bean seed 
infested;by Bruchi, the common “Bean-seed weevil,” 
were forwarded with inquiries, to which I replied— 
that this attack seldom affects the germ, so that the 
Bean is not prevented from sprouting, but it weakens 
the growing power of the young plant at its first 
start in proportion to the amount of the cotyledons 
(or first leaves in embryo state) eaten away within 
the seed; that the beetle, in whatever state it may 
happen to be, if alive in the seed at the time of 
sowing, will not be killed by being buried, but will 
in due time come out, to lay eggs in the very earliest 
stage of the forming pod ; that to avoid this, seed 
should be rejected of which the sample is obviously 
infested, by showing round perforations from which 
the beetle has escaped, or (what is much worse) round 
depressions in the skin, which show that the insect 
has not yet thrown off the end of its gallery, and is 
still harboured within. 
Much of this attack of Bean or of Pea-seed weevil 
might be avoided, and it is avoided in some instances, 
by seedsmen being careful not to purchase seed 
imported from districts in America or Southern 
Europe which are known to be infested.— From Miss 
Ormerod's Report to the Royal Agricultural Society. 
THE LATE MR. TURNER. 
Our late friend, Mr. Charles Turner, occupied a 
very prominent position among the pioneers of flori¬ 
culture, and the immense strides that have been 
made during the last half century, all must admit, 
are largely due to his sound judgment and constant 
devotion to the cause of floriculture. I first became 
acquainted with Mr. Turner when he was at Chalvey, 
about forty years ago, when I was honorary secretary 
to a gardeners’ association, and I well remember 
receiving from him a very fine box of Pansies, which 
were placed on the table for inspection. The blooms 
sent were of the leading varieties grown at that time, 
many of them seedlings raised by himself, and I have 
by me now the report of that meeting, and the 
names of all the Pansies staged. 
Subsequent to the period mentioned, I have had 
business dealings with him, and have no hesitation in 
saying that a more honourable man I never was 
acquainted with; and when I tell you that my 
gardening career commenced in 1832-33, it may be 
inferred that my knowledge of men who have con¬ 
tributed so much to the advancement of the pro¬ 
fession is by no means of a limited character. I 
have been on familiar terms professionally with very 
many who have long since passed away, but there is 
no one whose memory I esteem more highly than 
that of our valued florist-friend, the late Mr. Charles, 
Turner.— Man of Kent. 
Fruit Culture under Glass.— Strawberries : 
These we grow chiefly on a series of shelves suspended 
from the rafters on either side of the ridge, in a low 
span-roofed range of Cucumber and Melon-houses, 
and every morning those plants the fruits on which 
are approaching maturity are shifted into the early 
and second early Melon-houses in which the fruits are 
ripe and ripening, to fill the space vacated by plants 
from which the crops were taken the previous evening 
for dessert. The somewhat dry, warm, and airy 
atmosphere necessary to give flavour and colour to the 
Melons is alike suitable for Strawberries in this stage 
of growth, as also is the atmosphere—as regards 
moisture, the reverse of that indicated above—main¬ 
tained in Cucumber and Melon-houses in which the 
plants are swelling their fruits congenial to the 
requirements of the Strawberry plants in a like stage 
of development. These, in order to secure the best 
possible in the shape of large, well-flavoured fruits, 
should be given copious supplies of tepid diluted liquid 
manure at the roots until the fruit begins to colour, 
when clear water only should be given. The plants, 
too, should be well-syringed overhead morning and 
afternoon when damping the Melon and Cucumber 
plants, surface of the beds in which they are growing, 
pathways, &c., as much with a view to promoting a 
growing atmosphere as to keep the plants free from 
the ravages of red-spider.— II. IF. Ward, Longford 
Castle. 
Cox’s Orange Pippin Apple. —Among the many 
things that can be placed to the credit of the late Mr. 
Charles Turner, is that of having done a great deal to 
popularize this very fine and useful Apple. He was a 
great admirer of it, and appeared to care more for it 
than any other variety, if not for any other fruit, 
and when it was in season he invariably carried some 
about with him in his pocket. He became strongly 
impressed with the value of this Apple about thirty 
years ago, and one means adopted to make it known 
was that of figuring it in The Florist for November, 
1858, which Mr. Turner then edited. This number 
contains an admirable and truthful represention of 
this Apple, made by the late James Andrews, of Wal- 
ivorth, one of the best, if not the best, floral artist of 
his day. 
In 1858, Cox’s Orange Pippin Apple was by no 
means new, for it was “ raised in 1830 by B. Cox, Esq., 
of Colnbrook Lawn, Bucks, from seed of the Bibston 
Pippin; and from a pip of the same batch Cox's 
Pomona also originated, being rather a singular cir¬ 
cumstance that two good Apples of very opposite 
characters should have sprung from a sowing of nine 
seeds, while some years ago the late T. A. Knight, Esq., 
at one time planted thousands of seedlings, out of 
which the Downton Pippin was the only Apple worthy 
of note.” Cox’s Orange Pippin passed into the hands 
of Mr. Small, a nurseryman of Colnbrook, the raiser 
of Small’s Admirable, by whom it was propagated and 
sent out, but years elapsed before the merits of an 
Apple possessing such excellent qualities came to be 
properly known and appreciated. 
It was in 1851 that this Apple came prominently 
before the public. In 1857, at a great fruit show held 
by the Boyal Horticultural Society, it was tested 
against and placed before that old English favourite, 
the Bibston Pippin. This brought it prominently 
into notice, and from that time came a great demand 
for it. Our London fruit-growers planted it largely, 
among them Mr. Francis Dancer, of Little Sutton, 
Chiswick, but he was disappointed with it as a 
cropper, and a few years ago dug up many of his 
trees and replaced them with Stirling Castle. One of 
our best authorities on Apples speaks of it as “ a 
weakly grower, and requiring to be grown on rich 
light ground, in a sheltered situation, as the leaves 
are tender and apt to be mildewed by early spring 
frosts, or cuttings winds in May.” It would appear 
