I 
( 4 ) 
sulphur), or Stockholm or green tar rubbed on the top of the cows' 
backs between the top of the shoulder-blade and loins. Washes of 
a strong pickling brine applied two or three times during the season 
are very useful. Paraffin and kerosine are useful for a time, but 
the smell goes off before very long. 
Damage from galloping is also sometimes caused by the Ox Gad 
Fly, a very different insect to the Warble Fly. The Gad Fly drives 
its jaw-lancets into the cattle, and sucks the blood, causing severe 
pain in its operations ; whereas 
the Bot Fly has nothing but an 
obsolete mouth ; and the above 
mixtures rubbed rather more 
generally, so as to include the 
brisket, would probably be ser¬ 
viceable against all Fly attack. 
There are many other points 
that bear on prevention, of which 
one is—noting that Bot Flies 
are most active in heat and sun¬ 
shine , and appear not to -pursue 
cattle over water ,—consequently 
allowing the cattle the power 
of sheltering themselves, and 
access to shallow pools is de¬ 
sirable. Likewise with regard 
to pastures, or standing ground 
of infested cattle, it is matter of 
course that where the maggots 
have fallen from their backs the Flies will shortly appear to start 
new attacks. 
Warble attack is one of the few in which each owner benefits 
surely by his own work. 
The attack of Warbles is now grown to be one causing enormous 
annual national loss, estimated by practical men at sums from two 
millions to seven millions pounds sterling per annum, at the least, and 
there is no sort of reason why we should suffer it to go on. Any 
applications to myself on the subject will receive immediate and 
most careful attention, and any information would be gladly received. 
Information would also be gladly received regarding Warbles 
on Horses, which commonly occur singly on the back, flank, neck, 
or quarter. Specimens of the maggot, or of the Warble Fly to 
which the maggot turns, are much desired. 
ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, 
1 M 
Consulting Entomologist 
to the Royal Agricultural Society. 
Dunster Lodge, near Isleworth, 
April, 1887. 
