88 
TURNIP, 
besides wliat harm the attack may cause, which, in the case of 
Turnips, except in rare instances, is perhaps not very much, the 
injuries are so often confused with those caused by the very destructive 
fungoid disease, known as “ Anbury,” “ Fingers and Toes,” or “ Club,” 
that a short note may be of some interest. 
The galls caused by weevil-attack are simply roundish knobs, 
sometimes a few in number and separate from each other, sometimes 
in clusters, and, according to the stage of development, they may 
either be just a mere small swelling on the outside of the Turnip, or 
may project more, so as to be about the shape of a bullet cut in half, 
fixed with its flat side on the Turnip, or sometimes even more than 
this, so as to be of the form of nearly three-quarters of a bullet, or, 
in bad cases, they may be joined in clusters. Inside the galls are of 
the same (or of very nearly the same) condition of cellular tissue as the 
mass of the Turnip bulb itself, only with the centre eaten away by 
the maggot, and outside they are covered by the same kind of bark or 
rind as the part of the Turnip bulb on which they grow. This 
healthy state of the tissues, and regular, though abnormal, form of 
the galls, will be found to distinguish gall-attack very clearly from 
true “ Anbury.” 
The beetle which gives rise to these Turnip-galls, and likewise the 
Cabbage-root galls, is a small blackish-grey weevil, with a long 
proboscis (see figs. 6 and 7, nat. size and magnified). The female 
lays her eggs either on the outside of the Turnip, or more probably 
just under the skin, hy making a little hole for it with her proboscis, 
and from this egg there hatches the gall-maggot. This is a fleshy, 
whitish, legless maggot, with a head furnished with a pair of strong 
jaws. Those of the Cabbage and Turnip-gall maggots which I have 
examined were furnished with three finger-like teeth at the extremity. 
From the irritation caused hy egg-laying, or connected with the 
presence of the egg or maggot, the swelling known as the gall begins 
to form, and inside this the maggot feeds until it has formed a large 
cavity in the gall. When full-grown it gnaws its way out into the 
earth, and there it builds itself up a case or cocoon of the little 
fragments of earth or sand which are in reach, and in this cocoon 
(which lies in the cavity in the ground formed by the material for the 
earthen case being taken out of it) the maggot changes to the 
chrysalis-state. The maggots both of the Turnip and Cabbage galls 
appear little liable to injury from being thrown out of the galls 
before they are full-grown, or from having their cases broken after¬ 
wards. Those I have watched almost immediately buried themselves 
in the earth, and, if their earth-cocoons were broken they would 
make new ones or repair the damage. 
The time occupied from the disappearance of the maggot into the 
