88 
KALE. 
the tail, and, after spinning some threads for support, throws off its 
caterpillar skin, and appears as a pale green chrysalis spotted with 
black. The autumn brood passes the winter in this condition, and 
from these chrysalids the butterflies come out in spring. It is therefore 
desirable during winter to examine likely places about kitchen gardens 
for the chrysalids to he found in and to destroy them. They may 
sometimes be thus collected very rapidly in large numbers. 
The caterpillar of this kind—the Large White Cabbage Butterfly, 
figured above—is, when full-grown, bluish or green above, with yellow 
line along the back and each side and large black spots. 
The caterpillar of the Small White, figured with its butterfly 
below, is velvety green in colour, without black spots, but with three 
yellow lines, and the chrysalids are fleshy brown, freckled with black. 
PlERIS RAPiE. 
1, Small White Cabbage Butterfly; 2, caterpillar; 3, chrysalis. 
The same methods of prevention and remedy are for the most part 
applicable to both the Large and Small kinds. 
The following note, from Mr. W. W. Glenny, of Barking, Essex, 
shows the great amount of caterpillar presence, and also that they 
may be kept down by hand-picking:— 
“ Our main plague this season was the Cabbage caterpillar, whose 
activity was surprising, and who would have done me considerable 
damage, except that I watched his movements with an army of boys, 
who picked him off wherever and whenever observed. We had to 
keep a sharp look-out over three or four fields, and retrace our steps 
now and again as fresh ova were hatched. By careful and close 
attention the damage was minimised, and the loss brought within 
reasonable compass.” 
In the following notes of bad attack on Kale sent me by Mr. 
Joseph Ackworth, of the Howberry Farm, Erith, it will be seen that 
two methods of prevention occurred, one b} 7 weather-influence, one by 
attack of parasite insects : and as far as appears, both these methods 
might be turned to account artificially. 
