WARBLE FLY. 
87 
fifth within the last four or five days, all supposed to die of ‘ blackleg, 
or quarter-evil,’ but all equally affected by warbles. By this post we 
send you a box of the maggots, all of which the writer cut out within 
the space of this sheet of paper.”—Messrs. C. and H. Hatton, Barton 
Tannery, Hereford. 
“We received a hide to-day taken off a beast supposed to have 
died of ‘ blackleg.’ Looking at it spread open, it was most distressing 
to think that a poor beast should be allowed to get in such a state. 
However, we have cut the centre out, and send it you by this post.”— 
Messrs. 0. and H. Hatton, Barton Tannery, Hereford. 
[The piece of hide was 28 in. long by 8| in. at the widest part, 
and contained upwards of seventy-two warbles. —Ed.] 
“ Yesterday I inspected the carcase of a heifer which had died from 
the effects of calving ; there were nine warbles well developed, but, 
when the skin was taken off, I counted up to twenty on the flesh-side. 
The beast was miserably poor, neither fat nor flesh, the emaciation, I 
affirm, from the effects of the grub.” —Ralph Lowe, Sleaford. 
The above notes lead on naturally to the consideration of direct 
damage to health of the infested animals from the maggot-workings. 
It needs no proving that where there are dozens and scores of maggots 
up to an inch long, sucking food in the ulcerated holes under the hide 
which they have caused, and which they are keeping in flow, that 
there must be a great drag on the system of the animal, and the con¬ 
dition must also be affected by the presence of patches of great holes 
an inch or more long under the hide, by which it is, so to say, 
“honeycombed” away to the extent of the number of these cavities 
from the flesh beneath, and likewise a high state of inflammation is 
at times to be found even at the first commencement of the attack on 
the flesh-side of the hide. 
But, independently of all this obvious evil, there is the question, 
u'hat is the hind bf pain that is caused by the direct maggot working ? The 
beasts cannot explain this ; therefore, being aware that warble-attack 
(that is, attack of various kinds of CEstrus larvae) occurs not 
unfrequently to the human subject in the more central parts of 
America, I wrote on the subject to Mr. Everard im Thurn, now 
resident in British Guiana, and well known for his scientific attain¬ 
ments, and also as the scaler of the (previously supposed inaccessible) 
mountain of Roraima, in those regions. Mr. im Thurn replied that 
he had himself suffered from the attack of a warble-maggot a little 
below the knee, and he described the pain as not being constant, but 
from time to time quite sharp, as if the maggot was screwing itself 
round in its hole. This gives an idea of one kind of pain connected 
with attack of Gdstrus larva. 
Further, on communication with Mr. J. S. Macadam, Army 
