9 
contract, the outer skin hardening into a somewhat oval 
case, in which the future fly develops, and from which 
it presently escapes by cracking it open. Thus the fly 
may. be said to carry its case or shelter along with it, 
and if these “barrel-pupae,” as some of them are called 
in Germany, are brought up again to the surface in 
spring, they are likely to be little the worse for all we 
have done to destroy them, whilst, if left undisturbed, 
or, as may be easily managed in garden ground, a crop 
which only requires surface-cultivation put above them 
till the time for their development is past, we shall pro¬ 
bably get rid of them all. 
Thus, that is by throwing the caterpillars and chrysa¬ 
lids from their prepared shelters, we may also lessen the 
amount of coming attack from many kinds of sawflies 
and beetles. In the case of sawflies, the cocoons may 
be thrown out in scores from under gooseberry-bushes ; in 
masses as large as a man’s fist from under the pine-trees 
they have infested in autumn; and, in the case of 
beetle larvae or chrysalids, we may get rid of some very 
injurious ones in this way; but the Wireworm, having 
the instinct to bury itself when the weather is too cold 
for feeding, can only occasionally be dealt with in a 
torpid state; and the Cockchafer-grubs, which are a 
great pest, also bury themselves safely too deep to be 
easily reached. 
Thus also we may very much lessen the numbers of 
some of what we may call our regular field-pests, such 
as Turnip Flea-beetle, Mustard Beetle, and others which 
pass the winter in the fully-developed state under clods 
of earth, stones, or rubbish, or dead bark, or at the 
roots, or even down the hollow stalks of stubble or reeds. 
For the most part we know where they are likely to be, 
and can apply the remedies accordingly, amongst which 
burning, whether of rubbish collected on the field, or of 
such matters as may shelter insect vermin around it, or 
(where it can be safely done) firing the dry plant on the 
surface, is one that is exceedingly serviceable, but in 
case it is not certainly known where the insect passes 
