5 
tall weed with large somewhat heart-shaped leaves and 
white flowers known as Jack-by-tlie-Hedge, the purple- 
flowered Ladies’ Smock or Cuckoo flower, and others, 
and more especially Charlock, all which may be known 
to belong to the order Cruciferae, or the Cabbage kind, 
by having flowers with four leaves arranged in the form 
of a Cross. 
Egg laying begins about April. When the attack is 
on the Turnips the eggs are laid on the under side of the 
rough leaf; the Maggots soon hatch, and piercing into 
the leaf feed between the two sides. These Maggots or 
larvce are full grown in about six days, when they come 
out of the leaf and bury themselves an inch or two 
below the surface of the ground near the Turnip. 
1—3, Phyllotreta nemorum; 4 and 5, eggs; 6—9, maggot; 10 and 11, pupa; 
all nat. size and magnified. 
Here they turn to chrysalids f jmpcej from which the 
Flea-beetles (or “Fly ”) come out in about a fortnight, 
and there may be as many as five or six broods during 
the season. The first brood appears to be at its height 
in May and June, and it is stated by John Curtis “ that 
it is admitted on all sides that the beetle is weakest in 
July ” (‘ Farm Insects,’ p. 28), which is a very important 
observation relatively to dates of sowing. 
Two of the commonest kinds of Turnip Fly are the 
