September 22, 1894. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
51 
WEBBS’ 
EARLY BULBS. 
THE FINEST JR00TSJ)F THE SEASON. 
ROMAN HYACINTHS. 
EARLY WHITE, extra large bulbs ... 2 s. per doz. 
do. do. ... 15 s. per 100 . 
do. fine bulbs. ... 1 s. 9 d. per doz. 
do. do.12s. per 100. 
do. smaller bulbs . Is. 6d.per doz. 
do. do. . 10s. per 100. 
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS. 
DOUBLE ROMAN . 3 d. each, 1 s. 6d. per doz- 
PAPER WHITE . 3 d. each, Is. 6d. per doz- 
DUC VAN THOL TULIPS. 
Single, Scarlet . . . 9 d. per doz., 5 s. per 100 . 
Double, Scarlet and Yellow '... 9 d. per doz., 5 s. per 100 . 
WEBBS' BULB CATALOGUE. 
Beautifully Illustrated, Gratis and Post Free. 
Seedsmen by Royal Warrants to H.M. the Queen and 
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. 
WORDSLEY, STOURBRIDGE, 
Our extensive collections 
embrace all the best and 
■ newest varieties in the 
various sections of Hardy, Border, Clove, and Yellow Ground 
sorts; also Show Carnations and Picotees, and Show and 
Border Pinks. 
TREE & WINTER-FLOWERING CARNATIONS (including 
the specially fashionable “ Deep Pink "and other Malmaisons). 
Our handbook , “Carnations and tlieir Culturewith full 
Descriptive Catalogue , can be had free on application. 
LAING & MATHER, Nurserymen, Kelso-on-Tweed. 
ORCHIDS 
Clean Healthy Plants at Low Prices. 
Always worth a visit of inspection. Kindly send for Catalogue. 
JAMES CYPHER, 
Exotic Nur series, CHELTENHAM. 
“GRAND NEW ZONALS, 1894. 
Selected from Pearson’s, Cannell’s, Miller’s, and my 
own sets. 
Cuttings .. .. .. .. 6s. per doz. 
New Zonals, 1893, Cuttings.. .. 3s. ,, 
Very fine previous introduction .. 2s. „ 
Free, Cash with Order. 
H. J. JONES, 
Ryecroft Nursery, Hither Green, Lewisham. 
SPECIAL CULTURE 
OF 
FRUIT T REES & R OSES. 
A Large and Select Stock is now offered for Sale. 
The’Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits post free. 
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses post free. 
THOMAS RIVERS & SON, 
The Nurseries, ^ WBRIDGEWORTH, Herts 
Pansies & Violas. 
FANCY PANSIES. 
I offer i pair cuttings of Miss Stirling and B. Doulton, the best 
var. in cultivation, these have been awarded five special 
prizes for the best new Pansies, and were the leading flowers 
in seven medal stands this season, including Edinburgh 
Glasgow and London, and n pairs of the best 1894 var. for 7s. 6d. 
My 3s. collection of 13 pairs includes one variety of Mr. C 
Kay’s new Pansies and 3 pairs for 1894, 
SHOW PANSIES. 
One pair cuttings of a new variety and 12 pairs of the best 
1894 for 6/- 
Four pairs of 1894 var. and 9 grand competition sorts for 3/- 
VIOLAS 
(A warded 4 Medals this season). 
I have 100,000 cuttings now ready for delivery. The follow¬ 
ing are the very best 20 new and old varieties for bedding 
and massing, and include the c r eam of the unrivalled rayless 
Violas. Seven are new 1894 var. and three are 1893 var. Mrs. 
C. F. Gordon, Cecilia, Beautiful Snow, Admiration, Goldfinch, 
Charmer, Commodore, M. Todd, Accushla, Lord Elcho, 
Wm. Niel, Duchess of Fife. Rayless type: Grandee, Border 
Witch, Christiana. Lutea, Queen of the May, Sylvia, Blue 
Gown, Blush Queen. I will substitute other varieties in place 
of any of the above not wanted. One pair cuttings of each var. 
for 4/-; 5 each for 7/6; 10 each for 13/6; 20 each for 25/- 
Catalogues Free to any Address. 
s. PYE, 
CATTERALL, GARSTANG LANC. 
YEITCH’S BULBS 
OF SUPERIOR QUALITY. 
VEITGH'S HYACINTHS 
FOR POTS OR BEDS. 
VEITGH’S TULIPS 
FOR POTS OR BEDS. 
VEITGH’S CROCUS, 
SHOWY AND DISTINCT SHADES. 
VEITGH’S DAFFODILS. 
ALL THE LEADING KINDS. 
UNEQUALLED FOR QUALITY AT 
LOWEST PRICES. 
Bulbs Carriage Free when amounting to ios. and upwards 
in value. 
For details see CATALOGUE, forwarded gratis and post 
free on application. 
James Veitck & Sons, 
ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, 
CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. 
For Index to Contents see page 62. 
NEXT WEEK'S ENGAGEMENTS. 
Monday, Sept. 24th.—Bulb Sales at Protheroe & Morris’ 
Rooms, and every day in the week. 
Tuesday, Sept. 25th.—R. H. S. Committee Meetings and 
Conference at Chiswick. 
Thursday, September 27th.—Sale of Belgium Plants at 
Protheroe & Morris' Rooms. 
Friday, Sept. 28th.—Orchid Sale at Protheroe & Morris' 
Rooms. 
Saturday, Sej t. 29th.—British Fruit Show at the Crystal 
Palace. 
Edited by BRIAN WYNNE, F.R.H.S. 
SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1894. 
0 LEMENTARY AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION. 
^ —In various parts of Europe and 
in our own country more particularly, 
one cannot but note the conflicting 
interests and ideas entertained by those 
who have the education of the future 
generation in their hands. There is for 
instance no general system of education in 
Switzerland ; every canton has, as it were, 
the control of schools and education in its 
own districts. The people are made up of 
different races with different creeds and all 
believing in their own particular needs and 
a system of education that will suit the 
requirements and special wants of the dis¬ 
tricts and their particular industries. For 
this reason the Swiss have to maintain a 
great variety of schools and systems. Some¬ 
thing very similar to this is advocated in a 
book by William Jolly, entitled, “ Ruskin 
on Education.” Here is a quotation from 
it :—“ The efficiency of any school will be 
found to increase exactly in the ratio of its 
direct adaptation to the circumstances of 
the children it receives; and the quantity 
of knowledge to be attained in a given 
time being equal, its value will depend on 
the possibilities of its instant application. 
You need not teach botany to the sons of 
fishermen, architecture to shepherds, or 
painting to colliers, still less the elegancies 
of grammar to children who, throughout 
the probable course of their total lives, will 
have, or ought to have, little to say and 
nothing to write.” 
We should imagine that all elementary 
schools are, or ought to be, conducted on 
general principles,and that reading, writing 
and arithmetic, to say nothing of geography, 
history and grammar, the latter par¬ 
ticularly,should constitute a basis of educa¬ 
tion for everybody, whether king or collier. 
Moreover, because Brown’s father is a 
collier, it does not necessarily follow that 
Brown is or must necessarily be a collier 
too. Many of our readers will doubtless 
remember that Linnaeus, the father of 
botany, was intended by his parents for a 
clergyman or preacher. He did ultimately 
become a preacher, but his subject was 
botany. Then again, apropos of Ruskin’s 
views on education, we should have thought 
that a man of such broad views would not 
have denied even to a collier the advantage 
of a knowledge of botany, for we are aware 
of bakers, cobbling shoemakers, weavers, 
engineers and many others that not only 
took an immense delight in botany or in 
gardening pursuits, but were largely bene¬ 
fited by the same, inasmuch as it took 
them into the garden or the field to the 
great advantage of their health, their 
knowledge, and their tables, whether 
supplied with fruits, flowers or vegetables. 
That a man should be taught nothing 
except what pertains directly to his own 
particular calling, if not fallacy in practice, 
is at least a very narrow view of the situa¬ 
tion. There is no time for a student who 
is merely passing through the standards to 
acquire anything more than a mere smat¬ 
tering of botany or any other of the 
sciences, but he or she should be well 
drilled in the language of their country. 
After passing through the standards, or 
even before, the student should not only be 
allowed to climb any other hill of know¬ 
ledge, spontaneously selected, but encour¬ 
aged to do so, and have facilities given for 
acquiring the higher branches of learning 
in properly equipped schools. 
The publication of the results of the 
third annual examination in horticulture 
held by the Royal Horticultural Society, 
again reminds us of the inadequate elemen¬ 
tary education accorded many young men 
who adopt gardening as their profession or 
vocation. Many of them are undoubtedly 
good practical gardeners, but when called 
upon to transfer their knowledge to paper 
at an examination, they either fail or 
possibly take a second-rate position through 
no fault of a practical knowledge of the 
subject, but owing to an inability to ex¬ 
press themselves in good form, or in fact 
to make themselves clearly intelligible. 
This is not as it ought to be, otherwise we 
should have expected to find a larger num¬ 
ber of them in the first and second classes 
ot those who passed at the examination. 
Of eleven who passed first-class, only four 
were gardeners of varying ages up to 46 ; 
and we find them elbowing their way in 
company with a schoolmaster, a chemist, 
and a cashier. We do not begrudge the 
latter any laurels which they may honestly 
earn, but should like the gardeners to be on 
a better footing as regards education, and 
we are confident they would take a higher 
position at an examination. The sons of 
poor people labour at a disadvantage when 
competing with those of more wealthy 
parents, simply owing to a deficiency 
in the matter of education. It may be 
argued that the sons of poor parents should 
be content to labour on in that groove of 
society where fortune or chance has 
