December 1, 1894. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
213 
Edward Lord Zouche, under the management of 
L'Obel; Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Queen 
Elizabeth; James Cole, of Highgate ; Gerarde, in 
the suburbs of Holborn; and Nathaniel Leat, a 
wealthy merchant, and Alderman of the city, who is 
stated in Girarde’s Herbal, published in 1597, “ to 
have procured from Poland, Carnations, Cloves 
Gilliflowers with yellow flowers,” for wrote he, “he 
gave me some thereof for my own garden, which 
before that time were never seen or heard of in this 
country,” so that, the citizens of London, according 
to his testimony, which, moreover, is corroborated 
by the Archives of the Ironmongers’ Company, of 
which Alderman Leat was once master, may pride 
themselves on the fact that these beautiful and 
fragrant specimens of the floral kind were introduced 
into this country by an Alderman of the city, and a 
freeman of the Guild of Ironmongers. 
But what was the Gilliflower of Gerarde’s days ? 
Scarcely the Carnation probably, unless it was some 
of it that bore yellow flowers. Gilliflower is regarded 
as a corruption from the Latin Caropbyllum, a clove, 
and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, and 
the name was originally given in Italy to plants of 
the Pink tribe, especially the Carnation, but has in 
England been transferred of late years to several 
cruciferous plants, and is now more closely referred 
to Mathiola incana—the Stock.— R. D. 
_ 
LARGE GRAPES. 
It is very generally admitted that Grapes, whether 
for private family consumption or for sale, are valued 
most when the bunches are of medium size with 
large berries of fine colour. While very large 
bunches are not in such demand—and are only 
valued for special purposes—growers for sale tell us 
that bunches of extra size are not profitable, but 
those with berries of fine appearance command a 
ready sale. We have put in practice many schemes 
for growing large berries, and often have proved that 
frequently drenchings of liquid manure aids the 
swelling of the berries very materially, but too often 
gives bad flavour to the fruit; and so connoisseurs of 
Grapes are quick in detecting the inferior quality of 
fruit grown under gross feeding, especially with 
latest Grapes. 
And there is a danger in supplying liquid manure 
late in the season, as it is not only injurious to the 
flavour of Grapes, but the Vines readily suffer by the 
roots being continually under such unnatural condi¬ 
tions. This I have proved more than once ; and 
some friends who also admire large berries are aware 
of what I have indicated. On the other hand, when 
Vine manure has been judiciously applied during the 
growing season and watered down after it has been 
lightly forked into the soil the best results are 
obtained. 
At the “ Mum.” show held the other day in 
Edinburgh, admirers of fine Grapes crowded round 
an exhibit from Clovenford’s neatly set up in shallow 
baskets. The Gros Colmans especially were superb, 
and grown under the system adopted by the Messrs. 
Thomson and many other leaders among fruit 
growers of applying the Vine manure of that firm 
when the greatest impost was on the Vines, the best 
results are obtained. Some of the best bunches in 
the grand exhibit referred to were about <\\ lb. in 
weight; 4J in. was the circumference of the berries 
which were quite black with fine bloom.— M. T. 
Stirlingshire. 
-- 
THE GENUS ANGIOPTERIS. 
Noble as is the appearance which these beautiful 
Ferns present, it is very seldom, indeed, that we see 
them grown, and still rarer do we find them good 
representatives of their class. This is, of course, 
owing to the enormous size they attain, much more 
than to any difficulties appertaining to their culture. 
Like their nearly allied relations, the Marattias, they 
need an abundance of water at all times. Like 
them, too, they hail from the swampy districts in 
the tropics of the Old World, where they enjoy 
rather a wide range of geographical distribution. 
Widely different are the opinions of various 
authorities with regard to the number of distinct 
species contained by the genus. De Vriese defines 
sixty distinct species ; Presl, on the other hand, could 
only find sufficient warranty for ten. The authors 
of the Synopsis Filicum are of opinion that there is 
not sufficient evidence to make more than one clearly 
defined and distinct species, considering all other 
kinds as forms more or less widely differentiated of 
this one species. I suppose it would be hard to find 
a genus of Ferns containing only one species which 
shows so great variation amongst its nearly related 
members. The texture of the pinnae, the disposal 
of the veins, and the number of the capsules, are all 
extremely variable, and cover a considerable range. 
The type, Angiopteris evecta, attains to enormous 
sizes, and although possessed of no mean share of 
beauty, is not the sort of plant suitable for houses 
where room and space are restricted. The great 
length of the fronds which often reach a length of 
from 12 to 15 ft.; and the stout stipes supporting them, 
with the two characteristic persistent auricles at the 
base, take up, as may well be imagined, an enormous 
amount of room. The gigantic specimens of A. 
evecta and A. e. Brongniartiana, which are growing 
in huge tubs in the Aroid house at Kew afford very 
good examples of the great size of some of these 
Ferns when they are allowed anything like sufficient 
room in which to expand themselves, and are thus 
enabled to assume more nearly their true appearance 
and to exhibit their peculiar characteristics. 
A. e. hypoleeuca.— This variety is remarkable for 
the great number of pinnae which the frond carries 
and which overlap each other to such an extent as 
to give the fronds a peculiarly double appearance. 
A. e. Teysmanniana.— This is one of the most 
beautiful forms with which we are acquainted, and 
when in fairly good health is one of the most hand¬ 
some of stove Ferns. 
One peculiarity characteristic of the whole of the 
Angiopterises is that they will grow and thrive with 
less light than many other of the Ferns. An example of 
this may be seen in the tropical fernery at Kew, 
where many of them are grown in a portion of the 
house, which is still glazed with the, at one time, 
much fussed over green glass, with the result that 
during the winter, except, of course, on very bright 
days, that part of the house is in a condition of semi¬ 
darkness which effectually prevents the rest of the 
inmates from looking as well as they might otherwise 
do, but which seems to exercise no appreciable effect 
upon the Angiopteris.— Filices. 
CHRYSANTHEMUM NOTES. 
From Maidenhead. 
While floods are prevalent along the valley of the 
Thames and the lower part of the town, especially 
along the river frontage, including houses and gardens, 
has presented a drowned and uncomfortable appear¬ 
ance, the nursery of Mr. Robert Owen, at Castle 
Hill, Maidenhead, standing as it does on the highest 
point of the hill, has never been affected by the 
water at all, except so far as relates to atmospheric 
moisture. A very large percentage of the Chrysan¬ 
themums in his houses consist of this year's seedlings 
or the products of previous seasons of a promising 
nature and still upon trial. The sunless character 
of the season has made them late, consequently they 
are still in prime condition, making the houses gay. 
Seedlings of this Year. 
A large number of the seedlings which Mr. Owen 
raised last spring are so promising in form, richness, 
or new tints of colour, and in size, that they will be 
grown for another year to test their capabilities. 
They have been grown in a free and easy manner to 
determine the natural habits of the plants, so that 
very few of them have been given names. Amongst 
the purely Japanese varieties we noted a pure white 
and very promising seedling from Viscountess 
Hambleden with reflexed florets. An orange-crim¬ 
son sort on a yellow ground with a yellow centre is 
also very promising as a novelty in colour. Another 
with crimson-red and loosely spreading florets is 
very brilliant, contrasting with rich rose and silvery- 
rose varieties of similar form. The same may be 
said of a scarlet-crimson, one of a brilliant tone. 
Near by was one of a crimson hue overlying yellow 
with spreading florets. Very distinct and telling in 
the way of colour is a yellow one, tipped with red, 
and striped and splashed with the latter hue. If it 
realises its promise next year it will be something 
distinct. Blush, crimson, crimson with old gold 
reverse, and golden-buff with pale red outer florets, 
are other shades of promise when the plants have 
been grown in exhibition form. A reflexed Chinese 
variety in the style of Putney George, of a bright 
crimson lined and edged with gold, is very floriferous, 
and when disbudded may constitute an acquisition 
to the show boards. Other Japanese types of 
promise have blooms of such shades as pink, rosy- 
lilac tipped with white, crimson and old gold reverse, 
rose-amaranth with spreading florets, and yellow 
edged with crimson, the latter being a beautifully 
soft and distinct colour. 
We have already mentioned a white flowered 
seedling from Viscountess Hambleden, but another 
from the same parent has reflexed yellow florets with 
a reddish edge. Neither belong therefore to the 
same section as the parent. A decidedly superior 
variety is that which has just been named Black 
Prince, and certificated on Tuesday last. The 
florets are of a rich, dark, and glossy crimson and 
spreading. There is no maroon about, and we do 
not remember anything approaching the variety in 
brilliancy even in the Japanese section to which it 
belongs. Very distinct is a crimson-cerise variety 
spotted with white. Pretty also is a soft canary- 
yellow sort with solid blooms. Others are pink with 
a white centre, rosy-pink and toothed at the tips of 
the florets. A seedling from Robert Owen shows a 
wide diversity from the parent in having reflexed 
yellow florets, and two seedlings from Golden 
Wedding are not yet in bloom. A bearded Japanese 
variety with crimson florets and an old gold reverse 
is very promising. Mr. Owen has succeeded in 
raising several very fine Japanese Anemones, but 
some have not yet been named, including one with 
narrow rays and a clear yellow disc. It will be a 
beautiful sort for maiket. 
Incurved Varieties. 
Considerable success has attended the raising of new 
varieties belonging to the Chinese or true incurved sec¬ 
tion. Wm.Tunningtonhaslargeand massive,bronzy- 
chestnut blooms that require no dressing, and was 
certificated last year. Curiously enough it was 
bred from the incurved Japanese Esmeralda. Mr. 
Owen has also some seedlings from Princess of 
Wales, one of which closely resembles the parent 
except in foliage, while another has closely similar 
foliage, yet the florets are broad, massive, and deep 
rosy-lilac with a white edge. Both were raised in 
1891. Of this year's acquisitions, Owen’s Crimson, 
which has just been certificated, beats all others of 
this section for richness of colour. The broad, 
massive florets are deep crimson, with a slightly 
paler reverse. Blooms from crown and terminal 
buds are of the same colour, but those of the former 
are fuller. Other seedlings are golden-bronze, rosy- 
pink in the style of Venus, and chestnut, edged and 
tipped with gold ; the last was raised in 1892. The 
Bride is one of the purest of whites, and being 
moderate in size and very floriferous it is well 
adapted for market purposes. Mons. Lemaille is a 
golden-chestnut French variety. 
Japanese Varieties. 
Of this section Mr. Owen has raised a large number 
of varieties that take their places on the show boards, 
while some are yet on trial. A prominent sort is the 
pure white Niveous. H. M. Pollett produces huge, 
rosy-lilac blooms tipped with white, and the florets 
are incurved. Pearl of Maidenhead belongs to the 
same type as the latter, but the huge blooms are 
much flattened and pure white when fully developed. 
The florets of Col. Bourne are spreading, then 
drooping and red. Graphic is a huge bloom that 
behaves differently according to circumstances. The 
flowers from crown buds are broad, spreading, 
slightly serrated at the tips, disposed in a confused 
mass and very pale, or in other cases pale lilac. This 
would be a Japanese type, but the terminal buds give 
rise to the incurved Japanese form, and the florets are 
rosy-purple, with a silvery-white reverse lined with 
rose. The blooms should therefore be secured from 
terminal buds. Energy is a charmingly distinct 
flower of a brilliant crimson with spathulate florets, 
having a long, slender shaft, and herein lies a dis¬ 
tinctness which is very seldom represented amongst 
cultivated varieties, and perhaps never appears on 
the show boards. A rich velvety-crimson of the 
true Japanese type is John Dugdale. Wm. Mease 
is a rosy incurved Jap , with a silvery-pink reverse. 
Mrs. Seebohm is like a huge Elaine. On the con¬ 
trary, Madame Rosaine is after the style of Vis¬ 
countess of Hambleden, but silvery-lilac, with long, 
whorled florets and quite distinct. Pure white and 
massive is Pride of Maidenhead. Mr. Vilmorin is 
in the style of Avalanche, but golden-yellow and 
longer in the florets. Mons. Charles Molin from the 
terminal bud is bright, golden-chestnut, tinted and 
tipped with yellow. John Lightfoot, recently certifi¬ 
cated, is a massive, light pink variety. Mephisto is 
